Annals of Human and Social Sciences

Case Study Design and Grounded Theory: Theory Building in Qualitative Political Science Research

2026-04-11T16:50:40+05:00

Qualitative Research in Political Science relies on its philosophical foundations and methodological designs. Case Study and Grounded theory are two prominent approaches in the field of Political Science. The present study made an epistemological and methodological comparison of case study and grounded theory methods and explores how case study design contributes in the field of political science research contrast to grounded theory. The aim of the research is to analyze and explores in-depth study of both methods. The study adopts Qualitative, comparative and interpretive methodology to study case study design and grounded theory. Data is collected through a systematic literature review of existing secondary sources such as book chapters and peer-reviewed journal articles on case study and grounded theory are analyzed. It concluded that while grounded theory is inductive and seeks to develop novel theories from raw data but case study design contributes through contextualized theorization either inductively or deductively. Comparative Case study design uncovers anomalies and generating new theories in political science research through employing process tracing and causal inference methods.

Laws addressing Violence against Women in Pakistan: Theory and Practices

2026-04-20T14:58:18+05:00

This study evaluates the effectiveness of key legislative reforms protecting women's rights in Pakistan, specifically the 2006, 2010, 2011, and 2016 Acts in Punjab, introduced to combat historical gender discrimination and violence. Employing a mixed-methods secondary data analysis, this research comprehensively reviews national crime statistics, provincial police records, NGO reports, and newspaper archives. By examining specific reporting trends before and after the enactment of these frameworks, the study statistically and thematically assesses the practical impact of these laws without relying on direct field interaction. Findings indicate significant progress in criminalizing offenses like forced marriages and domestic violence, alongside marked improvements in corporate workplace safety protocols. However, despite substantial reductions in gender discrimination, fully eradicating systemic prejudice remains hindered by ongoing socio-cultural and enforcement barriers. To bridge this critical legislation-practice gap, provincial authorities must strengthen active enforcement mechanisms, while organizations conduct continuous awareness campaigns to foster genuinely safe and equitable cultures.

In the Line of Fire: A Provincial Coordinator's Account of Security Challenges in Polio Eradication in Balochistan (2015-2016)

2026-04-22T10:22:21+05:00

The Case Study is a first-person account of my experience as the Provincial Coordinator of the Emergency Operation Center (EOC) of Polio Eradication and Immunizations in the Balochistan province of Pakistan between 2015 and 2016 when there were unprecedented attacks on polio vaccination teams. This paper is a systematic analysis of 30 news articles about security incidents to explore the trends, the perpetrators and the outcomes of the violence on healthcare professionals and security officers. Findings suggest an alarming rise in attacks: starting with the targeted shootings in February 2015 that led to the death of a police officer in Zhob district and then the kidnapping and murder of five members of the team in the same district, and the suicide bombing of an event in January 2016 that killed 15 people outside a polio center in Quetta. Other terror groups including Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and Jundullah claimed responsibility citing the 2011 CIA vaccination hoax and alleged sterilization schemes as justification. The ensuing analysis highlights the weaknesses in the intelligence coordination, security measures, and community engagement measures. Despite these challenges, sacrifices by the personals from the Law Enforcement Agencies, the strength of local polio workers and security personnel most of whom continued their duties despite the risks; is a testament to their commitment in protecting children against polio.

Impact of Parental Neglect on Cyber-Victimization: Mediating Role of Social Media Addiction among Adolescents South Punjab Pakistan

2026-04-22T10:25:32+05:00

This research paper has explored the connection between parental neglect and cyber-victimization among teenagers in South Punjab, Pakistan, and how the social media addiction mediates this relationship. Parental neglect has been identified as one of the psychosocial risk factors that affect the behaviors of adolescents online and their susceptibility to digital harm. As the use of social media is growing at a rapid pace, teens become more vulnerable to cyber threats, such as victimization. Social media addiction can also contribute to this vulnerability by exposing individuals to more online and decreasing their self-regulation. The design was a cross-sectional quantitative design. The sample consisted of adolescents (14-19 years old) in South Punjab, Pakistan, schools and colleges. Purposive convenient sampling was used to collect data using standardized questionnaires. The number of participants was both male and female adolescents who used social media extensively on a daily basis. All measures of the study were found to have acceptable internal consistency through the reliability analysis. Statistical analyses included correlation, regression, mediation, and independent samples t-test. Results showed that there were positive correlations with parental neglect and social media addiction and cyber-victimization. Parental neglect was an important predictor of cyber-victimization and accounted for a minor amount of variance. This relationship was partially mediated by social media addiction, which means that neglected adolescents have a higher risk of becoming addictive online, which puts them at risk of cyber-victimization. The difference by gender indicated that males were more socially addicted to media and cyber-victimized, whereas there was no significant difference by gender in the parental neglect cases. The research notes that more parental intervention and control of online activities among the adolescents is necessary. Awareness initiatives in schools and online literacy interventions are suggested to decrease risky online practices and cyber-victimization.

Exploring Income and Employment Outcomes in Digital Training Programs: A Gender Perspective

2026-04-23T13:19:45+05:00

This study intends to investigate the fact that whether digital training generates equal or relatively equal financial benefit in the form of post training incomes or not. This paper helps to substantiate this notion for policy makers to therefore, look into deeper side of the story that can explain this biasedness. Although the investment in training digital skills has been immense, the disparities in how males and females participate in the job market as well as their earnings have remained an immense problem in the rapidly growing digital economy of Pakistan. This paper executes the administrative and survey data of PSDF to run a Quantitative Analysis. This research approach engaged 253 participants who have undergone at least one type of digital training offered by PSDF platform in the past two years that is 2024 and 2025. The paper takes gender as the independent variable while earnings and employment are the dependent variables. In order to substantiate the significant differences in income and employment, a Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) is used and then the effect of gender is also determining each of the dependent variables separately also. According to the MANOVA test results, the joint influence of gender on post-training employment and salary is statistically significant at a 10% level. According to univariate analysis, the significant difference caused by gender is due to salary and not employment. Employment status is not influenced by gender, although post-training salary is statistically affected by gender. This means that men and women receive different salaries for similar training in digital platforms. The lesson is that what the government and companies should do is tighten their belts: implement more strict pay-equity legislation, penalize the firms, and initiate campaigns of cultural change in case they desire actual gender parity. Altogether, the study provides tangible evidence that may be valuable to redesign the workforce development strategies in the new digital economies and rethink them.

Healing Together: Effectiveness of Group Therapy with Patients of Spinal Cord Injury

2026-04-25T13:28:44+05:00

Current study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of group therapy interventions on the SCI patients’ psychological well-being (symptoms of anxiety and depression) and health impacts. Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries mostly (SCI) mostly experience profound psychological challenges, like depression, anxiety and emotional distress. Such mental health problems are the result of maladjustment due to transition from independence to lifelong physical dependence. These psychological challenges creates hurdles in the rehabilitation process and affect the overall quality of life. For the intervention based Pre and post study design, a purposive sample of 15 male participants (SCI) was taken with informed consent. The baseline for depression, anxiety and physical health was measured. The patients participated in weekly sessions (almost 90 minutes) of group therapy; including techniques of relaxation exercise (included listening to Surah Al Rahman), empty chair technique, assertiveness training, and feedback at the end of sessions. The age, education and SES status of members varied as the sample was purposive as per availability of patients at Paraplegic center. To assess the pre- to post intervention difference, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983) and Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) (Hunt, 1981) were used. Data was analyzed by SPSS, paired sample t-test was done to measure effect of group therapy and the results revealed significant reduction in levels of anxiety -pre-treatment (M = 14.00, SD = 1.72) to post-treatment (M = 4.53, SD = 1.45)- and depression-pre-treatment (M = 15.84, SD = 2.16) to post-treatment (M = 4.07, SD = 2.05), and in health status-pre-treatment(NHP-1) (M = 28.73, SD = 3.84) to post-treatment (NHP-2) (M = 12.53, SD = 3.89)-of the patients. The obtained results shows significant reduction in symptoms from pre to post intervention level in Anxiety, depression and health profile all. The effectiveness of culturally adapted group based therapeutic interventions in improving anxiety and depressive symptoms, the social skills, coping mechanisms and and overall emotional well being has high significance. The study is valuable with reference to generating ideas of incorporating psycho-social support and care into rehabilitation centers, where mental health is often neglected or ignored mostly by dominant physical recovery needs. Such group based interventions can be economical in-terms of monetary as well as temporal value that serve community in more efficient manner. Most importantly, impact of group itself and its members upon psychological states of patients is auxiliary to therapeutic value.

Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work Practice: A Qualitative Exploration of Reflective Decision Making

2026-04-27T15:38:05+05:00

This paper addresses the issues of ethical dilemma in social work practice and discusses how reflective decision making can help in solving ethical dilemmas. Social workers often find themselves in complicated scenarios in which professional values and organizational requirements and demands as well as the needs of the client are at odds. The qualitative study was carried out in Sargodha Division, Punjab, Pakistan. Through in-depth interviews, purposive sampling was used to collect data on 12 professional social workers until saturation was reached. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The results show the four key themes; various aspects of ethical dilemmas, reflective decision making as a fundamental strategy, organizational limitation and work pressure, and the importance of professional experience and judgement. This research concludes that reflective practice can boost ethical decision making, but the application of reflective practice is constrained by organizational constraints. The research recommends formal education and enabling institutional settings to enhance ethical competence among social workers.

The Search for Selfhood: An Existential Feminist Exploration of Brit Bennett’s The Vanishing Half

2026-04-28T12:56:34+05:00

The research is an existential feminist analysis of Brit Bennet’s Vanishing Half (2020). Stella’s racial passing through material things shows that fragmented identity and psychological alienation comes from self-denial, while Desiree accepting her past shows that one can exist authentically and retain moral integrity even when one fails to be deemed a failure by society. By applying Simone De Beauvoir’s existential feministic framework on the life of twin sisters, the study investigates how women negotiate the tension between facticity the social racial and gender limitations imposed at birth and transcendence, the act of consciously choosing one’s own existence by exploring different paths of the protagonists. Furthermore, the study extends this framework to secondary characters Jude and Reese, showing how body politics and gender transitioning further de-essentialize the binaries. This paper ultimately argues that the Bennett narrative displays the existentialist view that existence is defined through the acceptance of one’s identity.

Assessing Financial Health of Traditional Red Brick Kilns of Sindh, Pakistan

2026-04-27T16:06:07+05:00

The objective of this research is to assess financial stability (ratios) and finding optimum debt equity mix, utilization level of labour/capital, availability of investment opportunity and value addition at kilns of Sindh. Sample includes random 90 kilns of (North) Sindh sub divided into small, medium and large sizes. Only three districts are chosen i.e. Khairpur, Sukkur, and Larkana along with Sindhu river. Research is applied with already prepared questionnaire form, and survey technique. There are two types of kiln costs, fixed and variable costs. For small, medium and large kilns VC is 27%, 16%, and 12 % of total COGS (Cost of goods sold)(final cost at a kiln), total production of average bricks is 230429, 2465477 and 7147059 bricks, inventory turnover ratio is 10, 9.6 and 8.7, revenue per employee is 93563, 456719 and 566199 rupees, net working capital is 2691000, 2108725 and 3730857 rupees, net profit is 281808, 3647403 and 14908971 rupees, net profit margin is 0.15, 0.21 and 0.29, payback period (months) is 23.6, 26.9 and 8.3, and BCR is 0.27, 0.35 and 0.52. Maintenance cost to total expense ratio is 1.4% on average for the sample of all 90 kilns. On the average brick kiln industry current ratio is 7. Owner of the kiln gets most of the profit .In the end 10000 bricks are sold 1280 times initial cost of procuring clay. There is insignificant relationship between Credit sales and Net profit at a kiln at adjusted R2 value of 0.018. This industry is labour intensive. Kilns earn by selling bricks as whole lot or in batches because this decreases total spoilage cost. Kilns earn profit by many other activities i.e. via renting assets, advance booking, and selling product directly to consumers without middlemen. Kilns require large initial investment. Kiln industry is dominated by capital lenders. Mostly kiln equity percentage lies between 20- 30% of the total debt equity mix. Least owned are large kilns. Sindh kilns are different from Punjab kilns as they lack in use of efficient fuel (coal), eco friendly technology (zig zag) and government kiln registration. There should be a government tax system at each level of brick kiln value chain. Kilns are run without professionalism as all the inputs are either underutilized or over utilized

Dysfunctional Parenting as a Determinant of Indecisiveness among Adolescents

2026-04-28T12:59:59+05:00

Today the parenting become more difficult because adapting to the environment and preparing children for the dynamic life is becoming a challenge especially when the parenting styles are dysfunctional. Therefore, present study aimed to explore the relationship of dysfunctional parenting with indecisiveness in adolescents where the term “dysfunctional parenting” was reflecting two key factors i.e., lack of care and overprotection (Parker, et al. 1979). A quantitative correlational method was applied with a stratified random sample of N = 304, students of University of Karachi between ages of 17 to 21 years. The Frost Indecisiveness Scale (FIS) (Frost & Shows, 1993) and Parental bond instrument (PBI) (Parker, et al. 1997) has been administered. Linear regression analysis indicated that only mother care was found to be significant predictors of fear of decision making whereas father care, mother overprotection and father overprotection were not found be a significant predictor of fear of decision making and positive decision making in adolescents. Research findings can be helpful for parental training programs and adolescents’ academic counseling.

Causes of the Separation of East Pakistan: A Dissection under the Federal Paradigm

2026-04-29T11:09:10+05:00

The history of freedom movement in Bengal revealed that the Bengali Muslims were neither willing to be dominated by Hindus nor did they like to share power with Muslims of other regions of India. Furthermore, they disliked the domination of Indian affairs by other provinces; they also complained about the domination of the All-India Muslim League by the non-Bengalis and their interference in the local politics of Bengal. Nevertheless, the 1947 Pakistan comprising two separate wings having only one thing in common, i.e. Islam against many other odds, certainly had a chance of establishing a viable political system, evolving a single statehood turning ultimately to a broad-based common nationhood. Various scholars suggest that the federal solution alone was best suited to the needs of the different provinces of Pakistan and could weld them into a viable and workable nation state since a common nationhood could spring from a federal system operated with care, consideration and full thought in mutual agreement among the federating units. Against that backdrop, the current work examines the causes of the separation of East Pakistan in 1971 while considering the viewpoint of Muslim leadership from United Bengal, the events and developments took place in Pakistan after partition and applying some of the key theoretical aspects of system approach under the framework of federalism and regional autonomy. It concludes that the failure to apply a federal solution properly to the constitutional and political problems of Pakistan was responsible for the events of 1971 and its consequent dismemberment. The study suggests that the resentment and unrest in the smaller provinces (except Punjab) of the present day Pakistan is again caused by an authoritarian rule of civil-military bureaucracy which can be addressed by evolving and implementing a refined and improvised formula of power-sharing among all the constituting units of Pakistan.

The Influence of Talent Management and Career Development upon Organizational Loyalty in Higher Education

2026-04-29T11:15:47+05:00

The organizational loyalty is challenging for institutions in transformation of attitudes, behaviors, abilities, motivation, commitment and performances of employees towards the required tasks and outcomes. In this connection, effective consideration of career management and career development are important for improving the motivation, performance and loyalty and reducing apprehensions and turnovers overwhelmed at desired sustainability and success in competitive environments. In order to confirm influence of talent management and career development on organizational loyalty, the data was collected from teachers hailing from higher-education institutions in southern region, KP, Pakistan. The data was collected over secondary sources (existing literature), and primary source (structured questionnaire), that were analyzed through different procedures for extracting the desired information and reaching conclusion. The results provide the significant information for reaching desired conclusion and making decisions about hypothesized and leading relationships among the research variables in particular context that offers the cluses for recommending some valuable suggestions for teachers, policy-makers, higher educational institutions as well as future researchers on the research issues from different dimensions to ensure required sustainability and desired successes.

Divergent Educational Paradigms and Moral Development: Public versus Religious Schooling

2026-04-30T00:39:20+05:00

The main objective of the study was to find out the level of moral development of students from public schools and Deeni Madrasahs. The study was descriptive in nature with quantitative design. 172 Madrasah students and 281 public elementary schools’ students were taken as a sample through SRS technique. The desired sample for this study was 453 students. Two self-developed questionnaires comprising five factors of moral development: integrity, self-control, courage, honesty, obedience, and respect were utilized in this study. The collected data was analyzed with the help of SPSS. Parametric tests of significance like t-test, and one way ANOVA were applied for better interpretation of results. The summary of result shows that Deeni Madrasahs students have higher level of moral development as compare to public school students. This study recommends that; Schools should promote activities that emphasize the importance of ethical behavior; ensuring students internalize honesty and fairness in their actions.

Transforming Primary Education for Hearing-Impaired Learners: A Curriculum Review Grounded in Social Justice and Sustainable Development

2026-04-30T12:58:41+05:00

This study aimed at critically examining the elementary curriculum of hearing-impaired learners with respect to social justice and sustainability towards inclusive education. The qualitative descriptive methodology was selected in this research, and the researchers created an analysis framework, an Inclusive Transformation Curriculum Assessment Model (ITCAM) to analyze the results. The analysis of the curriculum materials (syllabus, textbooks and other materials) was conducted methodically on various dimensions such as accessibility, pedagogical support, social justice, language, stakeholder engagement and technology use. The findings indicated that despite the perceived early-recognition of hearing-impaired students in the curriculum in segregated forms, it is text-based and not multimodal with limited visual aids and Pakistan Sign Language (PSL). In addition, the curriculum is not self-sufficiently connected to social justice, sustainability, and culturally relevant issues, thereby restraining the connection of the learners with the real world. Other areas of the curriculum that were deficient included guidance by the teachers, collaboration, emotional skills, technology, and stakeholder engagement. The research finds that the existing curriculum is structurally inclusive, but not functionally inclusive and requires major changes to meet the diverse learning needs of students with hearing impairment. Included in the study are multidimensional teaching and learning methods, clear social justice and sustainability principles, teacher support, and involvement of stakeholders and use of technology. These reforms play a vital role in the creation of an inclusive, accessible, and sustainable curriculum that will allow hearing-impaired learners to become an integral part of education and society.

An Empirical Analysis of Judicial Delays and their Impact on Rule of Law and SDG Outcomes in Pakistan

2026-04-30T13:09:10+05:00

This study empirically examine the effect of judicial delays on rule of law performance and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) outcomes in Pakistan With 2.3 million pending cases, Pakistan’s judiciary has significant delays in delivering justice that have resulted in its low rank, 129th place, on the World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law Index. Using a cross-sectional quantitative survey approach, researchers analyzed responses from 624 individuals. The data were analyzed with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics. Based on their mean scores for each of these items being significantly above the neutral point (p <0.001), respondents supported the idea that judicial delays diminish public confidence, impede climate-related cases in achieving SDG #13, deter investment, and create barriers to achieving gender equity (SDG #5). Respondents viewed broader failures in delivering justice as being of greater consequence than simply experiencing delays associated with the judicial system. Over half (51.3%) of the respondents reported that they did not believe that equal access to justice currently exists. There is a need for the judiciary to implement strategies to reduce case backlogs and to restrict the frequency with which hearings are postponed, to modernize the method by which cases are managed and to enhance access to alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Timely justice must be achieved in order for Pakistan to improve compliance with the WJP Rule of Law Index and to realize the SDG objectives.

Enhancing Reading Comprehension through Formative Assessment Practices: Evidence from an Experimental Study at Elementary School Level

2026-05-01T16:04:25+05:00

Present study aimed to enhance students’ reading comprehension through formative assessment practices at elementary level. The study was experimental in nature. A Quasi experiment pretest-posttest non- equivalent control group research design was used to conduct the experiment. Participants of the study were the students of grade 6 from elementary school of Lahore. Two intact groups were formed as control and experimental group. Each group has 30 participants. A pretest and posttest was developed to measure students’ reading comprehension through formative assessment technique. English Reading Comprehension Test was developed by the researcher which included MCQs, short questions and reading comprehension paragraphs. A table of specification was developed for items selection. An item analysis was conducted to check the item difficulty of the test items. Lesson plans were developed by the researcher to conduct the experiment. Formative assessment techniques including analyzing students’ work, strategic questioning and think pair share were applied to develop reading comprehension skill among students of grade 6. Data were analysed using independent samples t-test and paired samples t-test to test the hypotheses of the study. Findings of present study concluded that formative assessment technique has significant effect in enhancing 6th grade students’ English reading comprehension, whereas an insignificant difference was found between pretest scores of 6th grade control group students’ English reading comprehension. Pretest-posttest scores found significantly different between control and experiment groups of 6th grade students’ English reading comprehension before and after intervention. Study recommends to apply formative assessment techniques to enhance 6th grade students’ reading comprehension at elementary level.

Challenges Faced by Prospective Teachers during Teaching Practice: Evidence from B. Ed (Hons) Programs in Karachi

2026-05-03T18:15:37+05:00

Teaching practice is an essential part of teacher training programs, especially in the Bachelor of Education (Honors) degrees, where pre-service teachers are provided opportunities to experience classroom teaching. The purpose of this study is to explore the difficulties encountered by pre-service teachers in teaching practice in B.Ed (Hons) in Karachi. The study adopts a quantitative survey approach and gathered data from 120 prospective teachers from both public and private universities. A survey questionnaire was developed using a five-point Likert scale to assess the difficulties faced in pedagogical, institutional and personal areas. The results show that pre-service teachers experience considerable challenges in classroom management, using contemporary teaching methods and strategies, lack of teaching resources, and lack of support from school administrators. In line with previous research, many participants indicated a misalignment between their theoretical understanding and classroom practice. Lack of mentoring and supervision also exacerbated issues during teaching practice. The research concludes that, although teaching practice is an essential part of professional learning, issues such as inadequate preparation, lack of effective university-school partnerships and limited resources negatively impact the process. The study adds to the body of knowledge on teacher education in Karachi and offers insights to policymakers and institutions on how to improve teaching practice programs.

Impact of Bullying Distress on Educational Performance among Foreign University Students

2026-05-03T18:21:26+05:00

This study examined the impact of bullying distress on the educational performance of foreign university students in Pakistan and explored the related role of self-confidence. Data was collected from 230 international students representing diverse cultural and regional backgrounds. Using a cross-sectional correlational design. Participants completed three standardized instruments: the Forms of Bullying Scale (FBS), the Academic Performance Scale (APS), and a Self-Confidence Scale. All measures showed acceptable reliability (α = .71–.88). Pearson correlations revealed strong and significant associations: bullying distress was negatively related to academic performance (r = –.74, p < .01) and self-confidence (r = –.68, p < .01), while self-confidence was positively related to academic performance (r = .69, p < .01). Group analyses showed that male and low-income students reported higher bullying distress and lower performance than females and higher-SES peers. These results confirm that bullying distress statistically undermines academic achievement, whereas, self-confidence functions as a protective factor. The findings highlight the importance of institutional strategies that reduce bullying and strengthen psychological resources to improve both well-being and academic success among international students.

Assessing Healthcare Access Disparities and Mother–Child Health Outcomes in Pakistan: Evidence from PDHS (2017-18)

2026-05-05T15:51:27+05:00

This research examines the impact of inequities in contact with professional and non-professional health care providers through the utilisation of mother and child health services. Disparities in provider availability continue to hinder improvements in mother and child health, stunting progress on Sustainable Development Goal. Our study used Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (2017-18) data of 8,287 females (15-49 years). Bivariate and multivariate regression models were applied to assess the correlation between the health care provider. The results of regression analysis show that exposure to professional providers has a positive association with uptake of adequate ANC, service delivery and mother and child post-natal care. On the other hand, non-professional providers have a statistically significant but relatively weak association with ANC utilization and PNC visits. These results highlight the need to increase the presence of professional health providers and access to services to promote mother and child health care quality in Pakistan.

Pakistan Muslim League (N) Punjab Government’s Educational Policies: Implication and Challenges for Sustainable Development Goals-16

2026-05-05T15:54:58+05:00

The aim of the study is to examine the role of PML-N Punjab government educational policies implications and challenges faces to meet SDG16 (peace, justice, and strong institutions) in Pakistan. Pakistan Muslim League - N maintains a strong hold in Punjab due to its political influence and has strong support. Education is essential to attain sustainable development goals in Pakistan. PML-N introduced many initiatives Prime Minister Youth scheme for laptop, Honahar scholarship to provide financial aid to students. Previous studies create a link between SDG4 and SDG8 (economic growth) with little attention paid to the fact that education is also necessary to attain SDG16 (peace, justice, and strong institutions). The researcher used a Quantitative approach by developing exploratory, descriptive, analytical methods to generalize the results and survey data gathered from 426 respondents from various educators, instructors, and general public who have sufficient knowledge about SDG4. Perceptions about PML-N educational reforms, the efficacy of policies, and their challenges and implementation were evaluated by statistical analysis. The findings reveal PML-N educational policies are contribute to enhance to access quality education SDG4 in Pakistan. But due to Political unrest, insufficient funding, no coherence in policies, are reasons for not effective implementation of educational policies in Pakistan. This study recommends that quality education, transparency, no changes in policies, and government, Pakistan can attain sustainable development goals that are essential for the progress of the country.