https://ojs.ahss.org.pk/journal <p><strong>Research of Social Sciences (SMC-Private) Limited (ROSS) Securities Exchange Commission of Pakistan (N0. 0218990)</strong> is an educational set up to manage the educational and research activities with modern scientific devices for the welfare and to educate the nation with these objectives</p> <ul> <li>To improve the quality of education and research activities</li> <li>To provide the chance to avail modern method of teaching and learning to students, teachers and researchers.</li> <li>To held conferences, lectures, discussions to raise research activities</li> </ul> <p>Annals of Human and Social Sciences (AHSS) publishes original and quality research in all disciplines of social sciences is a <strong>Double-blind peer-reviewed</strong> <strong>open access</strong> multidisciplinary research journal that publishes. This academic research journal addresses both applied and theoretical issues in social sciences in English language. Likely subscribers are universities, research institutions, governmental, non-governmental agencies and individual researchers.</p> RESEARCH OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED(ROSS) en-US Annals of Human and Social Sciences 2790-6795 <p><img src="https://ahss.org.pk/img/open-access.png" alt="Open Access" /></p> <p><strong>RESEARCH OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED(ROSS)</strong> &amp; <strong>Annals of Human and Social Sciences (AHSS)</strong> adheres to <strong>Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License</strong>. The authors submitting and publishing in <strong>AHSS</strong> agree to the <strong>copyright policy</strong> under <strong>creative common license 4.0 (Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International license)</strong>. Under this license, the authors published in <strong>AHSS</strong> retain the copyright including publishing rights of their scholarly work and agree to let others remix, tweak, and build upon their work non-commercially. All other authors using the content of <strong>AHSS</strong> are required to cite author(s) and publisher in their work. Therefore, <strong>RESEARCH OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED(ROSS)</strong> &amp; <strong>Annals of Human and Social Sciences (AHSS)</strong> follow an <strong>Open Access Policy</strong> for copyright and licensing.</p> <p><img src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png" alt="Creative Commons License" /> </p> <p><a href="https://sfdora.org/"><img src="https://ahss.org.pk/img/signatory-of-dora.png" alt="Signatory of DORA" /></a></p> https://ojs.ahss.org.pk/journal/article/view/1008 <p>This study critically analyzes the India-Pakistan military escalation of May 2025, with a specific focus on its strategic, tactical, and diplomatic dimensions. Triggered by a disputed cross-border incident near the Line of Control (LoC), the conflict rapidly escalated into intense ground and aerial engagements. A high-profile dogfight between the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and Indian Air Force (IAF) became a defining moment. Using a qualitative case study approach, this paper draws on open source defense reports, media briefings, and diplomatic communications to evaluate the conflict’s trajectory and implications. The battle caused substantial military and civilian losses, infrastructure damage, and disruption of diplomatic and trade relations. Pakistan’s air superiority, strategic restraint, and international messaging earned it measured global support, especially from China and Middle Eastern states. The article concludes with strategic policy suggestions to prevent future escalations and promote long-term stability in a nuclearized South Asia.</p> Naveed Ahmed Malik Copyright (c) 2025 Annals of Human and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-07-02 2025-07-02 6 3 01 16 10.35484/ahss.2025(6-III)01 https://ojs.ahss.org.pk/journal/article/view/1011 <p>This study aims to explain the social exclusion experiences among rural elderly women in Sargodha, reasons behind their exclusion and its impact on their lives. Social exclusion involves being disconnected from physical, financial, and social aspects of life. Rural elderly women face higher risks due to factors like gender, age, poverty, and cultural traditions. The study used qualitative research, employing purposive sampling, and collected data through an interview guide with 26 rural elderly women till data saturation. Major themes derived through thematic analysis are Social Exclusion Experiences of Rural Elderly Women, Causative Factors behind Social Exclusion of Rural Elderly Women and Repercussions of Social Exclusion among Rural Elderly Women. It concluded that poverty, social dependency on family and cultural norms contribute to social exclusion among rural elderly women. It is recommended that establishing community care institutions addressing their healthcare facilities, social life and transportation can solve issue of social exclusion.</p> Aleena Bashir Awan Beenish Ijaz Butt Shajiah Qursam Copyright (c) 2025 Annals of Human and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-07-05 2025-07-05 6 3 17 24 10.35484/ahss.2025(6-III)02