Annals of Human and Social Sciences

Knowledge of Nurses regarding Glasgow Coma Scale in Neurological Assessment of Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital Multan

Sidra Ahmad Ali — 2024-06-03

The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of nurses regarding Glasgow Coma Scale in neurological assessment of patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital Multan. Neurological assessment is a fundamental aspect of patient care, the level of consciousness in patients with brain injuries has to assess with Glasgow Coma Scale. Descriptive cross sectional study design was used to carry out at Nishtar Hospital Multan. The sample size was 80 nurses. Convenient sampling method was used to collect the data. The results showed that 25 (28%) nurses demonstrated poor knowledge of the GCS, while 35 nurses (46%) exhibited an average level of understanding and 20 nurses (25%) showcased a good understanding of the GCS. In term of association, age groups show no significant association with knowledge levels. While gender, qualification, experience, and department of work exhibit significant associations with knowledge. Implement regular training sessions for nurses on the Glasgow Coma Scale.

Media and the End of Musharraf Regime in Pakistan: An Analysis of Dawn’s Editorial Page on Judicial and Lal Masjid Crises (2007)

Saima Perveen — 2024-06-04

The central aim of this research is to analyze the relation between media and military regimes through Dawn, the most prestigious English newspaper of Pakistan, covering the judicial and Lal masjid crises, the two most decisive events in the political decline of Gen. Musharraf. The military regimes in Pakistan have always been initiated over the argument to safeguard the ‘national integrity’ or ‘national interest’ from the ‘corrupt and incapable politicians’ and end up giving them the government back again; and Gen. Musharraf’s military regime (1999-2008) was not an exception. There could be a list of explicit and implicit reasons that contributed in ending his regime but the two most decisive events were the judicial and Lal masjid crises (2007). Through the qualitative analysis of Dawn’s editorial page this research concludes that Dawn played its role in the restoration of democracy and recommends that free media is crucial for stable democracy.

The Role of Mobile Banking in Pakistan with Regard to Financial Inclusion

Mehak Ali — 2024-06-06

The main purpose of this study is to determine the role of mobile banking and its effects on economic growth and financial inclusion in Pakistan when gender acts as a moderating variable. As we know, mobile banking services remove time and space barriers from banking tasks like checking account balances and transferring funds between accounts, saving customers' time when visiting banks to use various banking services. Data was collected from the secondary source website of ‘State Bank of Pakistan’ as well as from various journals and articles spanning ten years, i.e., 2011–2021. Also, various analyses were applied to the secondary data, i.e., the unit root test, multicollinearity, descriptive statistics, and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis by using E-views 7.0, and it was concluded that mobile banking was among the significant determinants of financial inclusion and economic growth (GDP). Whereas, in moderator gender male behavior effects significantly among mobile banking variables, i.e., Access to Mobile Phone & financial inclusion variables, i.e., (Number of mobile banking accounts & Savings) and the G.D.P. And female behavior seemed to act as a key moderating factor among both the mobile banking & financial inclusion determining factors, i.e., Number of mobile banking accounts. However, it has insignificant effects between the mobile banking variable, i.e., Access to Mobile Phone and financial inclusion variable, i.e., savings. Moreover, to improve generalizability, future research on other countries could be undertaken in addition to this one, using a larger data set because this study was limited to Pakistan only.

Cyber Terrorism and Cyber Security after 9/11: Case Study of Women in Pakistan

Saqib Khan Warraich — 2024-06-06

The use of technologies for communication and information has made lives more interconnected today. Pakistan is progressing in the domain of technological innovations as well. The security of borders and space becomes an ongoing concern for Pakistani authorities, especially after 9/11. The goal of a comprehensive national security policy is lacking because Pakistan is ignoring the existential threat posed by cyberterrorism. Terrorists are gaining ground and jeopardizing numerous aspects of Pakistan's national security because of its poor cyber security. They are primarily looking out women to help in dissemination their ideologies. The study explores how terrorists, in particular, are radicalizing women through digital channels. Its primary emphasis is on how ISIS, BLA, and TTP operate online. The theory of social learning is applied. The study relies on a qualitative approach. Interviews are also conducted for data collection. Secondary sources, such as documents, newspapers, books, articles, and case studies are also analyzed. The study emphasizes on the women empowerment, awareness and education as well as the economic indepence of women.

Motivation of Swat University Students towards learning English as a Second Language

Khurshid Ali — 2024-06-06

The current investigation seeks to investigate the motivation of undergraduate students at Swat University towards learning English as a foreign language. Though English is mandatory at higher education, students motivation is depending upon the monetary and financial benefits associated with the language. Conducted with 20 students from various departments, data were collected using a 20-item written questionnaire on a five-point Likert scale, along with demographic information such as age, gender, and English learning duration. The survey items were adapted from Dornyei and Csizbher (2006) and Ryan (2005). The study focused on domains including integrativeness, attitudes towards the second language community, cultural interest, attitudes towards learning English, instrumentality (promotion and prevention), and fear of assimilation. Descriptive statistics analyzed through SPSS revealed that the primary motivation for learning English was instrumental, with integrative motivation also playing a significant role. Results of the study recommend exploiting these motivational behaviours and rationalize pedagogical stratgeies.

Twitter as a Tool of Propaganda: A Discourse Analysis of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) Twitter Propaganda on the Non-Confidence Movement

Sarmad Aftab Lashari — 2024-06-08

This study investigates PTI’s use of Twitter as a tool for propaganda in political crises and highlights the potency of Twitter in shaping the political landscape in Pakistan. The use of social media as a tool for political affairs has long been applied throughout the world by different world leaders and political parties. Similarly, Pakistan is no exception. Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf’s (PTI) use of Twitter as a propaganda tool during the non-confidence movement to influence public opinion and mobilize support is used as the case study. This research venture is based on the qualitative analysis of secondary sources. The information about the propaganda of PTI is sought from Twitter. The Tweets of Imran Khan have been investigated to address the core concerns of this study. Findings show that PTI’s Twitter campaign employed a blend of emotional appeals, nationalistic rhetoric, and discrediting political opponents to shape narratives and control discourses. Hashtags, multimedia content, and coordinated tweet storms were instrumental in strengthening PTI’s message. Thus, Twitter served as a critical platform for PTI to sustain its political narrative and counter opposition efforts. Therefore, this study recommends the formation of proper legislation for the proper use of social media to address such dangerous emerging trends in the country.

Analysis of Shopping Malls in Lahore to Evaluate Design Provision for People with Special Needs

Rayyan Ahsan — 2024-06-08

This paper aims to examine need based facilities provisions in the shopping malls in Lahore like, washrooms, elevators, ATMs, parking and navigational aids, as important attributes. The research adopted quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection and analysis, consisting of research and analytical phases. The Research phase involved data collection, literature review, case studies, interviews, which are then used to inform the Analytical phase to draw conclusions, by comparative analysis of local and international shopping malls concerning the provision of facilities for handicapped users. The research findings suggest though there are facilities provided but improvements are needed in several areas, especially in terms of design considerations for physically challenged users. The research offers a framework and modular analysis of the selected study, providing a contextual approach for the development of architectural design. It also recommends design innovations in the selected mall to address the identified discrepancies and enhance the user experience for designers to consider.

Reimagining Indigenous Knowledge: An Epistemological Critique against the Neo-colonial Violence in the Selected African Novels

Quratulan — 2024-06-09

The objective of this study is to examine how indigenous knowledge can prove to be an effective source of liberating people from neo-colonial domination. While doing a textual analysis of the novels, Half of a Yellow Sun by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2006) and The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born by Ayi Kwei Armah (1968), the research dilates upon the ideas of Edward W. Said’s (1978) Orientalism and Frantz Fanon’s (1963) The Wretched of the Earth, to celebrate indigenous knowledge formation practices. The methodological assumptions of this study help to describe the interaction of knowledge with power and subject formation in the context of colonial discourses. As a result, this work posits that the idea of knowledge can be used to accomplish the task of deconstructing coloniality and its domination schema. The study recommends that the novels promote indigenous episteme to impart agency and voice to the oppressed segments of society.

Pakistan Power Position under the influence of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: An Analysis of Economic and Strategic Opportunities

Sahar Fatima — 2024-06-09

This research paper wants to create the effects of CPEC on the Pakistan Power Position. Geographic location of Pakistan plays a particular role in its power ambition. The strategic and Economic benefits of Pakistan is connected with China. Pakistan is bordered by China which is the world’s second largest economy wants to reach in Gulf states, and toward the European and African markets. CPEC is the eminent project of the Belt and Road initiative which gives the shortest way to China in the Gulf region. In this paper, the data is collected by using qualitative method through content analysis. This multi-billion project has the potential to effect Pakistan’s national power elements. Pakistan being 6th largest populous country is capable of gaining major investment through CPEC. Geographic location of Pakistan is crucial in bringing economic stability as well as opportunities. Pakistan has to take appropriate measures for catching this project.

Navigating Water Security in South Asia: Towards Regional Cooperation and Sustainable Solutions

Maha Afzal Chaudhary — 2024-06-09

The research examines the costs of non-cooperation and the potential for regional cooperation among South Asian countries considering the intricate water dynamics. South Asia hosts multiple transboundary river basins, including the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra, making water a crucial asset for the socioeconomic growth of the region. The intensifying water scarcity, amplified by extreme climate change phenomena, has heightened competition and tensions among countries sharing these river systems. The study employed qualitative and quantitative methods that used majorly content and discourse analysis. The results of the paper show that the states of South Asia would be more inclined toward collaborating if they could acknowledge their shared interest and understand that the advantages of working together outweigh the conceivable disadvantages. It suggests that the riparian nations of the basin should depoliticize the water and require measures for effective cross-border water management, inclusive policies, and adequate institutional mechanisms while prioritizing sustainable solutions.

Understanding the Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan: A Case Study of the PML-N Regime (2013-18)

Sharaf Ali — 2024-06-10

This Paper aimed to re-assess the changing dynamics of the Civil-Military relations during the period of the PML-N regime (2013-18). This Paper provided a review of the significant developments in the Civil-Military relations during the aforesaid period. This study has mainly relied on the descriptive and case study research methods i.e. for achieving the objectives of this research. The results of the study provided that the Civilian leadership of the PML-N regime simply failed to gain any extra roam for changing the traditional dynamics of the civil-military relations i.e. in favor of the democratically elected civilian leadership. Rather, the PML-N regime directly involved the military for overcoming the politico-economic and governance issues which obviously lead to sustain the traditional stronghold of the military i.e. in the politics of Pakistan. This study recommended that the political leadership shall have to change their own mindset first, and later, they have to devise a serious plan/strategy to bring the pre-requisite changes in the internal structure of the political parties i.e. for strengthening the base of democracy which serves as the actual source of strength for the civilian leadership. Additionally, for the purpose of gaining/enhancing the base of their legitimate power, the civilian leadership needs to focus on improving the overall quality of the governance as well.

Buffer Solution: Multiculturalism and the Mourning of Intra-Ethnic Diversity in Homeland Elegies

Farrah Ansari — 2024-06-10

This paper scrutinizes the intricate dynamics between multiculturalism and minority ethnic communities, particularly emphasizing multiculturalism's failure to address intra-ethnic diversity. This claim is unpacked through the textual and character analysis of Ayad Akhtar's novel, Homeland Elegies. By analyzing the experiences of four Pakistani American characters in the novel, the study argues that the broad labels such as "Muslim" and "Pakistani Muslim" obscure distinct heterogeneous identities within one ethnic identity. By taking aid from the theoretical concepts of Mondal's "multiculturalism as a divisive and devastating failure," Madood’s "additive rather than subtractive multiculturalism," “interculturalism as a distinctive alternative to multiculturalism,” and Hegelian "intersubjective recognition," this study aims to demonstrate the role of multiculturalism in erosion and distortion of minority ethnic identities. By focusing on the experiences of all Pakistani American characters, this study recommends adopting a nuanced multicultural approach that acknowledges and inclusively represents intra-ethnic diversity to prevent the distortion and erosion of minority ethnic identities

From Attachment Insecurity to Trauma Expression: A Professional Exploration of Mental Health Consequences

Areeja Shahid — 2024-06-10

This study aims to investigate the potential link between insecure attachment styles and Trauma symptoms. Specifically anxiety, depression, and sexual abuse trauma. Attachment theory describes the emotional bond of safety and comfort between a child and the caregiver. However, if that bond is ruptured the child develops an insecure attachment that leads to negative mental health consequences. A sample of female participants was recruited from various universities and wellness centers. The Adult Attachment Scale and Trauma Symptom Scale were administered to the participants. 50 females who scored high on the anxious attachment scale underwent further analysis using the trauma symptom scale. The findings indicated a significant correlation between anxious attachment and heightened levels of anxiety 0.539 (ρ=.03, P<.05), depression 0.339 (ρ=.04, P<.05), and no relationship with sexual abuse trauma -0.014 (ρ=.03, P<.05). This study empirically supports the hypothesis that insecure attachment styles contribute significantly to Trauma Symptoms. These findings contribute to the existing body of knowledge, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions addressing insecure attachment styles to lessen the risk of Trauma Symptoms.

Exploration of Innovative Characteristics of Alice Munro’s art of Short Story Writing with Specific Reference to her Short Story Dear Life: Contextual Analysis

Muhammad Hassan Khoso — 2024-06-10

This qualitative study aims to analyze Alice Munro’s short story “Dear Life” using close reading techniques to illustrate her exceptional skill in short story writing. Alice Munro is widely recognized for her mastery in crafting short stories, contributing significantly to contemporary literature. Her collection, "Dear Life," exemplifies her ability to breathe new life into the genre, distinguishing her from her peers. The study employs a close reading technique, meticulously examining the text to identify and analyze the distinctive characteristics of Munro’s writing. Specific references from "Dear Life" are used to highlight these novelistic features. The analysis reveals that Munro’s writing is marked by a unique narrative style, deep psychological insight, and rich character development. Her ability to weave complex themes into concise narratives sets her apart from other short story writers. Further studies could explore comparative analyses between Munro’s works and those of other prominent short story writers to better understand her influence and innovation in the genre. Additionally, investigating the reception of her work across different cultures could provide a broader perspective on her impact.

US Security Policy in South Asia during and after Cold War: An Analysis

Salma Amjad — 2024-06-11

This article is an attempt to analyze the US security policy in South Asia in the Cold War and after end of the Cold War. South Asia has always been important for the US's strategic objectives in the Asian continent to be advanced. The US's perception of the threat in Asia has long influenced its policy, which is limited to the construction of security systems there. The main focus of US security strategy in South Asia is maintaining peace and stability in the region. The triangular relationship between the US, Pakistan, and India is actually the main focus of US security policy in South Asia. The United States has consistently reevaluated its South Asian policy in light of its regional security objectives and interests. During the Cold War, Pakistan was seen as the US's "most allied ally in Asia" because of its perceived threat from the communist growing influence. Pakistan was thus selected to defend US interests in the region. After Cold War, the US's foreign and security policies were reorganized as a result of the new world order, which turned the world into a unipolar framework. India was chosen as a "natural partner" in the US security strategy for South Asia after it was restructured in light of the US security interests and aims in the Asia-Pacific region, where a new balance of power arrangement has evolved. The 9/11 brought new shift in US and Pakistan relations and both were involved in the fight against terrorism; nevertheless, this "single-issue alliance" is only meant to last temporarily. The research is primarily qualitative in nature. The objective of US policy in the region has always been the security of South Asia as a whole, not simply of one country. India and Pakistan were essential to US goals in the region. Consequently, it wanted to strengthen both states, whether against the Soviet Union or China. The US occasionally modified its security strategy in South Asia to take into account its shifting interests in the region.

Algorithmic Governance: Unveiling the Nexus between Artificial Intelligence and Policy Dynamics

Muhammad Ijaz — 2024-06-11

It's commonplace for artificial intelligence (AI) to be incorporated into government worldwide these days. The objective of this research is to understand and scrutinize the relationship between policymaking and postmodern conceptions and inventions of AI and Algorithmic Governance. In the modern world, incorporation of the AI and technology into the processes of policymaking and governance is indispensable. Therefore, research needs to be conducted on this scenario as to analyze the relationship between policy dynamics and incorporation of AI into it. This research employs a qualitative approach, entailing case studies and consequent analyzation to demonstrate the connection of AI and governance. The research finds that the nexus between AI and policy dynamics in light of the algorithmic governance encompasses a wide variety of aspects, including fostering community participation, increasing policy effectiveness as well as considering the ethical boundaries. In the end, this work advances our understanding of the complex relationships between AI technology and policy dynamics, which may be helpful to researchers, policymakers, or other organizations traversing algorithmic management environments.

Qualitative Analysis of Local Government Elections 2001: A Case Study of District Peshawar

Salman Anwar — 2024-06-11

The aim and objective of this paper is to analyse local government elections 2001 in district Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Local government is a very significant tier of governance in democratic societies. It manages the affairs of government at grass root level i.e. villages, towns, tehsils and districts. Pakistan inherited a more controlled and centralized local government system from British India after its inception in 1947. Unfortunately this important tier of governance did not developed with the passage of time in Pakistan. The devolution of power plan 2001 was an important step taken by General Pervez Musharraf. Reforms were introduced in civil bureaucracy and police and local bodies were strengthened. The study is based on qualitative method with Interviews, personal observations and common masses perceptions about the local government system in Pakistan. Results shows a power struggle between MNA’s, MPA’s and Nazims after the general elections in 2002. Bureaucracy with their colonial mindset succeeded in getting their powers back with the help of first tier of government.

Role of Social Media in Shaping Voting Patterns: A Comparative Study of 2018 and 2024 General Elections in Pakistan

Maria Saleem — 2024-06-11

This paper explores the pivotal role of social media in shaping voting patterns by implementing Stimulus Organism Response psychological theory. In Pakistan factors such as caste, religion, ethnicity, feudalism, vote selling and it is further compounded by rural and urban divide, family loyalties, community affiliations and male headed family influence voting patterns. The emergence of social media facilitates the candidate to communicate with a number of people from different areas and demographics with just a single click. Social media campaigns are influencing people especially the new voters and to the women who cannot attend traditional campaigns programs. It is a quantitative study based on a questionnaire survey targeting a broader demographics and sample size was 167 participants. The questionnaire was validated through expert reviews and pilot testing. Findings showed that social media highly influenced the decision making of people during elections and people have trust on social media. Use of social media to literate people should be encouraged due to its accessibility and cost effectiveness.

The Role of Judiciary and Police in Juvenile Delinquency: A Comprehensive Examination

Mudassir Majeed — 2024-06-11

The main objective of this research paper is to investigate the multifaceted roles of the judiciary and police in addressing juvenile delinquency and its underlying causes. Juvenile delinquency poses significant challenges to society, impacting youth development, public safety, and community well-being. The judiciary and police play crucial roles in addressing this issue by enforcing laws, providing rehabilitation and prevention programs, and fostering collaboration. A comprehensive review of literature, case studies, and empirical research was conducted to examine the policies, practices, and outcomes related to juvenile delinquency intervention by the judiciary and police. Findings of the revealed that both the judiciary and police have distinct, yet complementary roles in addressing delinquency. The judiciary focuses on adjudicating cases, imposing sanctions and providing rehabilitative services. The police play a vital role in prevention, early intervention, and community partnerships. Collaboration and coordination between these agencies are essential for effective and comprehensive intervention. Policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders are encouraged to prioritize evidence-based approaches that address the root causes of juvenile delinquency. This includes early intervention programs, community-based policing, restorative justice practices, and tailored rehabilitation programs. Strengthening collaboration between the judiciary and police, as well as involving community organizations, is crucial for reducing recidivism and promoting positive youth development.

Revolutionizing Food Security, Industrial Growth, and Agricultural Sustainability through Technological Advancements: A Comprehensive Research Analysis

Ahsan Imtiaz — 2024-06-11

Food processing, as a transformative process, plays a pivotal role in shaping the nutritional composition of food. The persistent menace of climate change poses a global threat, particularly impacting food security in developing nations and exerting its influence on crop productivity even in well-established regions. The multifaceted and intricate consequences of these ongoing climatic shifts significantly affect both food availability and population health. Consequently, there is a pressing need for a science-driven approach that can adeptly harness the opportunities presented by evolving environmental conditions to enhance food productivity and ensure security. The imperative for safe technological innovations becomes evident in advancing the realization of sustainable development goals (SDGs), particularly Zero Hunger. This study employs a literature review methodology to investigate the consequences of food security issues and also find out the best possible approaches to cover the maximum area to fertilize. Using a literature review methodology, the research highlights the importance of science-driven approaches and technological innovations in mitigating these impacts and advancing sustainable development goals, particularly Zero Hunger. The findings underscore the need for advanced food processing techniques, investment in research, supportive policies, capacity building, and collaboration to improve food availability and nutrition. Ultimately, the conclusions drawn from this research emphasize a positive correlation between safe food processing practices and achievement.

Analyzing the Evolution of Transgender Protection: A Comparative Study of Transgender Protection Act of Pakistan 2018 and 2022

Rumaiza Mazhar — 2024-06-12

This research paper focuses on the comprehensive examination of the transgender protection acts of Pakistan in 2018 and 2022. Transgender, a person with no specific gender is an important part of society. In society, they have been deprived of their basic rights. Related to this, the government of Pakistan passed a bill in 2018 to tackle the basic rights of Transgender community. Later, in 2022, an amendment bill has been presented to raise some questions regarding the 2018 bill. This study is based upon the qualitative approach to deal with this subject which includes the transgender protection bills, including the collection of data from secondary resources including media reports and other documents. It shows the implication of these acts on the rights and well-being of a transgender individual. Through a critical examination, this paper explores the policy intent and identifies the basic differences and similarities between the two acts related to transgender rights in Pakistan and how the issue mainly deals with the gender identity of a transgender person.

Algorithmic Curation in Facebook: An Investigation into the role of AI in Forming Political Polarization and Misinformation in Pakistan

Ali Raza — 2024-06-12

This research paper investigates the impact of AI Algorithmic curation and filter bubbles on the spread of misinformation and political polarization in Pakistan. It also highlights the recommendation system of Facebook and its role in exposing users to content based on selective exposure. The role of AI and recommendation algorithm curation in spreading misinformation, and deepening polarized political views have raised concerns. The AI Social Media Algorithmic Curation crafts a system based on personalization that improves user experience on the platform and maximizes engagement. However, this technique is also deepening polarization in the society by reinforcing pre-existing beliefs and limiting dissenting viewpoints. This multidisciplinary study applies quantitative techniques by employing Contingency Tables on the available and collected data to comprehend and reveal the underlying complex dynamics at play. The method systematically analyzes the data set of posts and the public’s view via a survey. The findings highlight the bias patterns in FB’s algorithm, user engagement data, and the role of AI in deepening polarization. There needs to be more transparency in the working of algorithmic curation and Meta should introduce features where users have more control over their feeds allowing diverse viewpoints.

Impact Assessment of Micro Finance Bank on Poverty Reduction in Kano State: A Case of Garko Local Government Area

Agbir Mzungweg — 2024-06-14

The study examined the impact of microfinance banks on poverty reduction in Kano State, with particular focus on Garko Local Government Area, Microfinance and poverty has been a critical topic in the field of academic research. In recent years, microfinance institutions have gained significant attention as an effective tool for poverty alleviation. The the study used primary data generated from questionnaire administered to 290 sample size. The study uses logit regression model and examined the impact of microfinance banks on poverty reduction in Kano State. The findings show that all the variables (sex, educaltional level, income level, interest rate and loan size) are statistically significant in influencing poverty reduction in Garlo Local Government of Kano State while age is negatively related to poverty reduction and statistically insignificant. The study therefore recommends that, microfiance banks should expand the size of their loan to businesses, which will significantly improved the lives of the poor in the area. Micro finance banks should have a moderate interest rate that will encougare the poor and businesses to loan more fund for investment, increase income and reduce poverty.

Impact of Social Change on Individual’s Behavior: A Study of Human Development

Tahira Mumtaz — 2024-06-14

Social change can refer to a quick, profound restructuring of social, economic, and political structures, or it might mean a gradual development of new lifestyles.The main objective of this study is to examine how people respond to societal change, including how they perceive, experience, and act upon it, as well as how these responses impact human development. For analysing all these changes, qualitative research methodology is opted while taking all changes into considerations through analytical method which focused on systematic analysis. Human development could be understood by researching how individuals develop in a dynamic social environment. This study interlinks social change and human development, two very different phenomena, by viewing individual’s behavior as an active, lifelong process during these times of social change. The current rapid pace of social, technological, and economic change should be accepted and new ways of development must be adopted so that social change can impact on the human development directly and it could be beneficial for the whole society.

Food Insecurity and Scarcity in Pakistan: Causes and Impacts

Mahum Fatima — 2024-06-14

The objective of this paper is to highlight the issue of food insecurity in Pakistan along with the causes and impacts of this crisis in recent years. The background of the concept of national security is extremely important and food scarcity has been on the rise in the past few years in Pakistan; its causes ranging from the exacerbating climatic conditions to inefficient management of resources and production. There is a dire need to tackle this issue in order to prevent the rising numbers of poverty and starvation from escalating further. The metholodgy includes using secondary sources such as journal articles, books, research papers etc to analyse and summarize the issue of food insecurity in Pakistan in recent years. The results of this research paper indicate that the food shortage has reached unprecedented levels with the recent flooding and climate change. The recommendations summarized at the end of this research paper is that the government of Pakistan needs to take immediate steps to install sustainable food policies that will counter the rising scarcity.

A Critical Examination of Scientism and its Implications

Muhammad Rasheed Arshad — 2024-06-14

The idea of scientism and the problems that surround it are examined critically in this study. Scientism, the belief that the scientific method and its findings are the only reliable path to knowledge, has received a lot of attention in contemporary debate. Even if science unquestionably offers insightful knowledge about the natural world, accepting scientism at face value has detrimental implications on epistemology, ethics, and society as a whole. To analyse and assess scientism, a qualitative research design was used. Relevant documents, academic works, and philosophical literature were examined to provide context-rich understanding. The results of the investigation showed that scientism undermines marginalises alternate forms of knowledge, demolish traditional ethics and humanistic values. These results demonstrate the drawbacks and negative effects of scientism. It is crucial to adopt a more inclusive and balanced approach to epistemology, ethics and ontology embracing insights from philosophy, religion, and the humanities alongside scientific contributions.

The Complex Interplay between Political Rule and Social Inequality: A Comparative Analysis

Ayesha Younas — 2024-06-14

This research paper aims to examine the relationship between political rule and social inequality in different governance systems. The background of the study is that it compares democracies (USA) with authoritarian regimes (North Korea, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Russia, and Iran). The methodology uses the Gini coefficient and poverty rates to measure social inequality and analyzes how economic regimes, political ideologies, and demographic factors contribute to disparities within societies. The results suggest that inflexible constitutions perpetuate social inequality, and individuals' political culture and ideologies can either mitigate or worsen inequality. Centralized institutional frameworks with limited accountability and corruption are ineffective in addressing social inequality. While liberal democracies generally have lower Gini coefficients and poverty rates, this relationship is not always linear but multifaceted due to demographic, leadership and social variables among others. It is recommended that all regimes are equally responsible in providing services to their populations that prioritize social justice.

Exploring the Relationship between Media Literacy and Political Engagement

Syeda Ammarah Bano — 2024-06-14

This study aims to investigate the relationship between media literacy and political engagement, addressing assumptions and concerns regarding their association. While scholars and educators anticipate a positive correlation between media education and prosocial objectives like political and civic engagement, empirical evidence supporting this link remains limited. Cross-sectional design employs survey method to collect data from sample of 357 university students. Multistage sampling techniques are utilized to ensure representativeness. Valid and reliable survey instruments assess participants' levels of media literacy and their engagement with political activities. The findings reveal significant relationships between news media literacy and key measures of political engagement: political activities, current events knowledge and internal political efficacy. Additionally, certain dimensions of news media literacy are associated with lower levels of political trust among participants. The study recommends integrating comprehensive media literacy programs in university curricula to enhance political engagement. Further research should explore these dynamics across different populations.

Bridging the Gulf: Socioeconomic Disparities and the Fight for Political Inclusion in Pakistan

Zaryab Fatima — 2024-06-14

This paper discusses how political participation is affected by socioeconomic differences: differences related to regions, demography, and history in the Pakistani context. The study aims to highlight major exclusion drivers through qualitative approaches: interviews and focus groups with stakeholders namely politicians, community representatives, and excluded people. Some of these barriers include political resources such as voting which is restricted, Discrimination and Power which has been placed on the side of those with higher income. The results shed the light on the need to properly address the issue of resource equality, the necessity of improving the level of people’s political awareness, and demanding activity for the implementation of the diversity policies. Therefore, the research supports the published structural deficiencies of political system in Pakistan and calls for the policy interventions.

Contentious Politics and Digital Media: Analyzing Effects of Pro-Pti Facebook Contents on Psychological Wellbeing of Users

Wasif Ali Khan — 2024-06-14

To investigate the effects of pro-Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) Facebook content on the psychological well-being of users and explore how users process information and form perceptions in the context of contentious politics. The study is set against the backdrop of contentious politics in Pakistan, where social media has become a significant platform for political discourse. The Elaboration Likelihood Model provides a framework for understanding how users process information and form attitudes. A sample of 200 Pro-PTI Facebook users was selected through purposive sampling and surveyed to examine the effects of exposure to anti-establishment content on their psychological well-being. The findings suggest that exposure to pro-PTI content on Facebook contributes to a trust deficit in the political system and institutions of Pakistan, leading to the formation of stereotypes, perceived realities, and frustration, ultimately affecting users' psychological well-being.

Revisiting Benazir Bhutto and her Contribution to Restore Democracy in Pakistan

Muhammad Azeem — 2024-06-14

The main objective of this study is to explore, investigate and analyze the struggle of Benazir Bhutto to restore democracy in Pakistan. Benazir was the daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a legendary political leader and Prime Minister of Pakistan who was not only deposed from power in 1977 but was also hanged by the military ruler, Gen. Zia-ul-Haq, in 1979. She chose her father’s path, started her political career and launched a resistance movement (MRD) against an autocratic ruler Gen. Zia and forced him to restore democracy. She was the first Muslim woman in the Muslim world who, by dint of her sheer leadership qualities, rose to the office of Prime Minister twice (1988 and 1993) which is the highest seat of executive office in a democratic system. She had to pass a thorny path of forcing the military dictator to restore democracy in Pakistan.

Women's Rights Laws in Pakistan: Challenges and Solutions

Abdul Qayyum Gondal — 2024-06-15

Women's rights in Pakistan have been a focal point of national and international discourse for decades. Despite significant legislative advancements, including the Protection of Women against Violence Act (2016) and the Anti-Rape Ordinance (2020), Pakistani women continue to face substantial barriers to equality and justice. Main objective of this research is to explore the state of women's rights laws in Pakistan, focusing on the challenges and potential solutions for improving gender equality and protection for women. Its historical review analyzes the intersection of national legislation and international human rights norms, highlighting persistent challenges faced by women. This study employs a qualitative research design to explore the challenges and solutions related to women's rights laws in Pakistan. The research involve a combination of primary and secondary data collection methods to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, such as lawmakers, solicitors, and schematic survey of society norms provide a broad results of women rights laws in Pakistan. Results analysis show Key challenges like cultural and societal norms, inadequate implementation and enforcement of laws, and limited awareness and education regarding women's rights. Furthermore, it proposes solutions to enhance the impact of women's rights laws in Pakistan. By addressing these issues, Pakistan can move towards a more equitable society where women's rights are fully realized and protected.

Effect of Teachers' Instruction on Learners' Social Skills, Self-Confidence Building, Relationship Building, and Mannerism in Early Childhood Education

Ghazala Shaheen — 2024-06-15

The study intended to explore effect of teachers' instruction on learners' social skills of self-confidence building and relationship building in Early Childhood Education. The study was experimental in nature in which the quantitative method was used. The randomized pre-test and post-test control group design was applied. The study hypotheses were to investigate that there is no statistically significant effect of teachers’ instruction on learners’ social skills, there is no significant association between teachers’ instruction and learners’ social skills of self-confidence building and there is no significant association between teachers’ instruction and learners’ social skills of relationship building in early childhood education. The sample size was selected from expected population and seventy participants were chosen randomly by using a random number table from those enrolled students during the 2023 academic year. The learners’ social skills observation checklist was employed as data collection tool to examine the association between groups and statistically analyzed through non-parametric test of chi-square. The study recommends that the play-way method of instruction is more effective in developing learners' social skills as compared to traditional methods.

Women in Legislature-Representation and Participation Challenges Analysis of Punjab Assembly (2013-2018)

Hina Rashid — 2024-06-15

The study highlights that women's inclusion in decision-making processes is a transformative dynamic that ultimately leads to the Community empowerment. It evaluates the extent of women's representation on decision-making positions and their inclusion in the legislative process, with the focused analysis of Punjab Assembly during the democratic era of 2013-2018. Despite various International measures aimed at enhancing gender parity, women's insufficient representation and inactive participation in political decision-making perpetuates barriers to achieving societal gender equality. The situation in Pakistan remains dire, as entrenched patriarchal structures and many other factors continue to impede women's meaningful participation in decision-making processes. The study adopts mix method approach, utilizing secondary data sources and identifies various factors that constrain women's effective participation. It contends that despite the establishment of reserved seats for women, their substantive engagement in decision-making remains suboptimal. It recommends that certain measures will be helpful to ensure women’s effective and operative role in the legislature, including consensus building between women legislators, their appointment on decision-making positions, and conduction of training regarding parliamentary proceedings.

Pakistan’s Brain Drain Dilemma: A Content Analysis

Muhammad Yaqoob Hijazi — 2024-06-15

The fundamental objective of this paper is to explore the causes and consequences of brain drain in Pakistan, and also test their validity in a scientific manner. Pakistan has been losing its precious human capital since 1960s. However, the trend has increased rapidly in the recent time. Reportedly 859,846 Pakistanis have left the country in 2023, among those 100,000 were professionals and skilled workers. The paper has interpreted the data in a qualitative manner and has used content analysis as a design to find the end results. It claims that economic meltdown, unemployment, political instability, and poor living and working conditions are the major causes, while loss of human talent, low growth, social unrest, and poor health and education services are the major consequence of brain drains in Pakistan. Hence, putting the economy on track, improving employment, achieving political stability and maintaining better living and working standards for the citizens, may help the government to retain the talent within.

The Effect of Brain Drain on the Economic Growth of Developing Countries: Evidence from Pakistan

Assad Mehmood Khan — 2024-06-15

The escalating trend of brain drain in developing countries like Pakistan necessitates urgent attention from political leadership to avert potential impediments to national development. Objective of study is to explore the root causes, consequences, and ramifications of brain drain on Pakistan's economic trajectory. This research employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative practices. While, data analysis is carried by employing the ordinary least squares (OLS) technique to evaluate relevant data and trends. The results reveal a negative correlation between brain drain and economic progress, highlighting the challenges posed by talent migration to sustainable development. Notably, the study also revealed an inverse correlation between brain drain, remittances, and economic advancement, while highlighting a positive linkage between human capital augmentation and economic prosperity within the Pakistani context. Drawing from these insights, the study recommends for targeted policy interventions, mitigating adverse effects of brain drain on Pakistan's economic landscape.

Academic Performance of Students with Hearing Impairments: A Study in Post-Primary Special Education

Asma Kanwal — 2024-06-20

The study investigates the academic achievement of students with hearing impairments in English, Urdu, and Mathematics after completing a five-year primary special education program in Punjab's public sector. Students with hearing impairments often face academic challenges, highlighting the need for evaluations to guide targeted educational interventions. A descriptive cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach was used. A sample of 56 students, selected through simple random sampling, was assessed using curriculum-aligned tests in English, Urdu, and Mathematics. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential techniques, with scores categorized into below average, average, and above-average levels. Most students scored below average in reading, writing, and numeracy. A significant gender difference was found in the Urdu Written Test (p = .013). No significant differences were noted for other demographic variables. Educational institutions should implement tailored interventions to address the specific needs of students with hearing impairments to improve their academic outcomes.

Analysis of the Law of Insanity Defense in the United Arab Emirates

Ali Ajmal — 2024-06-21

The objective of this research is to analyze the law on insanity defense in the United Arab Emirates. The criminal law of the United Arab Emirates recognizes the principle of the defense of insanity against the criminal liability of an accused. The doctrinal legal analysis approach was adopted to study the defense of insanity in the United Arab Emirates. The defense of insanity in the United Arab Emirates is dealt with under Article 138 of Federal Law No. 31 (2021), which primarily revolves around the principle of the complete inability to control one’s actions at the time of perpetration of an offense due to mental disorders. However, the role of medical opinion is pivotal in determining the plea of insanity. This law can be further developed by amending it and inculcating insights from the latest developments in mental health sciences.

Teaching Approaches to Enhance Social Interaction for Student with Hearing-Impaired at Higher Education Level in Lahore

Amna Arif — 2024-06-22

The present study intended to explore the importance of classroom social participation, explain the challenges teachers and students face while promoting social participation in classroom, describing the strategies teachers use to enhance the social participation, find out the challenges teachers face while facilitating social participation and explain the teachers’ management of the challenges in promoting social participation. Previous studies have focused on students' experiences, but teachers' use of social inclusion techniques was less studied. This study used phenomenological research design. A sample of 10 teachers of students with hearing impairment was recruited using a purposive sampling technique. The researcher collected the data by physical visits to each district using an interview protocol. The data was analyzed by using thematic analysis. It was revealed that social participation improves social abilities, enhances social resilience, empowers confidence, enhances classroom engagement, and improves communication. Students‟ challenges were related to communication, variation in sign language and low levels of confidence. Teachers use audio translators, assigning group work to enhance the sense of teamwork, and educational Trips. Teachers‟ challenges included the students‟ behavioral issues, their introverted personality type and time management. Teachers reported that they overcome the challenges they face by involving the students in peer tutoring activities, designing interactive games and collaborative teaching. Future researcher should select sample from wider population and include people with different types of special needs in their sample.

The Interplay of the United States and the Muslim World in the Israel-Palestine Conflict: A Complex Web of Interests and Tensions

Muhammad Arslan Farooq — 2024-06-22

The main aim of this paper is examining the Israel Palestine conflict while focusing on the conlict of interests between the US and the Muslim World. This research delves into the complex interplay between these actors, analyzing the historical, political, and ideological factors that have shaped their relationships. The Israel-Palestine conflict represents a deeply entangled geopolitical web, with the United States and the Muslim world occupying pivotal positions. By employing qualitative case study approach, this research explores the intricacies of the US-Muslim world relationship in the context of the Israel-Palestine conflict, examining the impact of US foreign policy on regional stability, the role of religion and identity in shaping perceptions, and the potential avenues for conflict resolution. This study suggests that the US, as a staunch ally of Israel, has consistently supported its security and territorial claims, often at the expense of Palestinian interests. This stance has fostered resentment within the Muslim world, fueling anti-American sentiment and fueling support for Palestinian resistance movements. Moreover, the US has sought to maintain its regional influence and secure access to crucial energy resources, further complicating its role in the conflict. Moving forward, the US needs to adopt a more balanced approach that takes into account the concerns of both Israelis and Palestinians, as well as the Muslim world. This necessitates fostering a dialogue based on mutual respect and understanding, promoting a two-state solution, and ensuring equal rights and opportunities for both Palestinians and Israelis.

Talent Management Efficiency in Succession Planning: A Proposed Model for HEIs of Pakistan

Rashid Ali Khokhar — 2024-06-24

The core objectives of the study are to determine the impact of employee ability on succession planning, the impact of employee motivation on succession plannig, and the impact of training and development on succession planning. Researchers have defined talent management in various ways, including as a process, a competitive advantage, and a means to contribute to overall organizational effectiveness. Assessing employee abilities, employee motivation, and training and development plays a crucial role in succession planning, as it aims to identify and develop potential future leaders within an organization. This research adopted the mixed approach. The qualitative approach is used to analyze the descriptive data while quantitative approach is used to quantify the statistical data. This research adopted the thematic as well as the HEI model to analyse the data secondary sources of data for this research. The findings show an impact of talent management on succession planning. Study shows that talent management is in succession planning. The institution of Higher Education Commission (HEC) should fill this gap.

Artificial Intelligence and National Security: Future Warfare Implications for Pakistan

Armaghan Farid — 2024-06-25

This paper is an attempt to analyze the existing capabilities of AI technology within Pakistan’s national security. Artificial Intelligence is the fourth industrial revolution that is offering opportunities from military to economic. The ongoing competition between Russia, China, and the USA is surprisingly attracting the attention of developing states and many view it as it will somehow disrupt the balance of power in international politics. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to understand AI integration in the military as a strategy for national security and its impacts on the balance of power among states. This is a qualitative content analysis research study uses the approach of exploratory research as well as implements the securitization theory and RSCT model in the theoretical framework. This paper identifies that AI use in Arms race and future warfare can effectively ensure national security and bring substantial consequences for military applications transforming the battlefield, altering the nature and character of war.

Navigating the Nexus: Exploring the Interplay of Populism, Trump's Electoral Base, Climate Change Pessimism, and Immigration Skepticism

Muhammad Awais — 2024-06-25

This research investigates how Donald Trump leveraged pessimistic views on climate change and immigration to garner widespread support, and how his backing intensified these perceptions among his supporters. Various social and economic factors are attributed to the rise of populism while pessimistic views on climate change and immigration are often linked to ideological and structural reasons. A closer examination reveals that these pessimistic views align closely with support for Trump. Employing qualitative methods, the study delves into how Trump adeptly harnessed these views to build a strong support base. The findings indicate that Trump supporters typically hold pessimistic views on these key issues, and he effectively capitalized on sentiments to secure electoral victories. The study suggests that understanding the correlation between populist support and pessimistic views on climate change and immigration can provide valuable insights for political leaders to address these sentiments and foster a more positive public discourse.

Challenges faced by English Language Teachers in teaching Present Indefinite Tense to Primary Learners

Sehrish Jabeen — 2024-06-28

The present study is an investigation on the challenges faced by EFL teachers in teaching Present indefinite tense in Primary schools. It is exploratory in nature and was organized by using some characteristics of the mixed method research design. EFL teachers encounter various challenges in teaching primary students the Present Indefinite Tense. Firstly, the abstract nature of tense concepts can be difficult for young learners to grasp. Secondly, cultural and linguistic differences pose additional hurdles for EFL teachers. Primary students from diverse linguistic backgrounds bring different language structures and concepts to the classroom. Teachers need to be sensitive to these variations and tailor their instructional approaches accordingly. To address this, a study proposes these challenges requires a combination of effective pedagogical strategies, cultural awareness, and adaptability to create an engaging and inclusive learning environment for primary students grappling with the intricacies of the Present Indefinite Tense in English language acquisition.

Coming to Terms with Inter-sectarian Love Courtship and Marriage in Haider’s How It Happened

Sadia Qamar — 2024-06-28

The paper closely reads Shazaf Fatima Haider’s How It Happened (2012) following the observations made by Simone de Beauvoir in her seminal work The Second Sex (1953). Beauvoir, talking about marriages, favours love marriages over arranged marriages. Focusing on the characters of Dadi and her two grandchildren siblings: Haroon and Zeba, the novel depicts the social picture of Pakistani society vis-à-vis the settlements of love marriages and to top that even inter-sectarian marriages – a phenomena yet quite rare in Pakistani society. The dramatic countering positions, on the issues of marriage, between Dadi and her grandchildren (Older/Traditional Generation versus Younger/Modern Generation) help showcase the familial complications and provide the readers a vantage point to reconsider their social understandings through the prism of Haider’s novel. Haider, through the turns of events within a Shia Syed household, brings to fore, though in a comedic vein, the gradual progress in rigid traditional families for accepting the younger generation’s stances of inter-sectarian love courtship and marriage enabling them to overcome the rigid positions vis-à-vis making matches that the older generations as those of Dadi’s could not come to terms with.

Narratives of Sustainability: South Asian Literature on Environmental and Social Crises

Nida Masroor — 2024-06-29

The study aims to investigate the approaches used by South Asian literature to treat the environmental and social conflicts in search of discursive possibilities of sustainability. Many alarming issues are characteristic of South Asia, including environmental pollution and social injustice linked to demographic shifts in such spheres as urbanization and industrialization. As for the research method, this particular learning exercise uses a qualitative approach, it performs a systematic analysis on South Asian literary works with emphasis on environmental and social areas. The study reveals that there are various representations of the themes of environmental pollution, climate change, and social problems in South Asian literature. Strategies on how to utilize literature in the enhancement of awareness, discussion and creating call to action towards sustainable development in South Asia are proposed. It is recommended to raise society’s awareness and improve the effectiveness of addressing regional environmental and social problems.

Impact of COVID-19 Fear on the Mental Health of Medical professionals: Gender Differences and Mental Health Outcomes

Adeela Aslam — 2024-06-30

The study investigated how COVID-19 fear impacts the mental health of medical professionals, with a focus on gender differences. Conducted as a cross-sectional survey among 300 medical professionals in Sargodha hospitals, findings revealed that COVID-19 fear significantly and negatively affected mental health outcomes. The study utilized a convenience sampling method and collected data using three self-report measures: the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (Ahorsu et al., 2020) and the Positive Mental Health Scale (Lukat et al., 2016). Regression analysis underscored that fear of COVID-19 was a predictor of poorer mental well-being. Significant differences in fear levels and mental health were noted between male (72.4%) and female (27.6%) participants. To enhance the reliability of results, future studies were recommended to increase sample sizes for greater representativeness and more robust conclusions. Additionally, the study highlighted the need for further research to address remaining gaps and deepen understanding of how COVID-19 fear impacts the mental health of medical professionals.

Expenditure Raises Income: An Empirical Analysis of Income and Expenditure

Jhaman Das Hirani — 2024-06-30

This paper intends to examine this relationship between municipal income and expenditure using ten-year data on four municipalities. Since, it is argued that municipalities spending raise their income. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression and Fixed Effect Method (FEM) are used to verify this relationship. Furthermore, the municipal expenditures collectively and its components were tested individually against cumulative income and separate income components and vice versa. From all these testings and examination the results confirm that municipal expenditures have positive and significant effect on municipal income. With increase of each unit in municipal expesens the income also incrases. Similary, panel estimates indicate that a one percent increase in the expenditures results in more than one percent increase in municipal income. Based on both time series and panel estimates, it is recommended to identify rewarding municipal services and spend upon such services to increase local income.