Annals of Human and Social Sciences

A Conversational Implicature Analysis in James Joyce’s Short Story A Painful Case

Tehniyat Noor, Dr. Saman Salah, Dr. Saima Yousaf Khan — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0500

The objective of this research is to analyze conversational implicature in James Joyce’s A Painful Case in order to show how implicature is a major part of increasing depth and character development. This paper uses Grice’s Cooperative Principle and maxims of conversation to identify the ways in which Joyce enforces the use of implicatures or indirect meaning, to decipher the mental states of the central character, Mr. James Duffy, and his social relationships with Mrs. Sinico. The deviations are said to consist of flouting, violating, and opting out of maxims with a view of identifying tensions and combat behind seemingly polite intents, emotional meanings which are not communicated overtly and social pressures. These are not just the subtle play with the language by giving a word-play to miscomprehension and meaninglessness of existence. The results enhance the multi-disciplinary study of pragmatics in literary text and suggest ways in which the study of unspoken communication may be applied in modernist texts.

Divide and Rule: How British Policies Contributed to Communal Tensions in India

Dr. Khizar Jawad, Dr. Ghulam Shabbir — Thu, 09 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This paper examines how the outcomes of British colonial policies, particularly the Divide ‎and Rule strategy, contributed to the rise of communal tensions in India. Building on the ‎framework of colonial policies, the study discusses key measures, including the Morley-‎Minto Reforms of 1909, the Partition of Bengal in 1905, and the Communal Award of ‎‎1932, highlighting their detrimental effects on religious and social integration. Employing ‎historical, descriptive, and analytical research methods, this dissertation draws upon ‎primary sources, official documents, and historical writings to trace the evolution of ‎communalism under British colonial rule. The study reveals that institutionalised ‎communal representation, selective empowerment, and the management of socio-‎religious identities fostered mistrust among various communities. To address these ‎enduring colonial legacies in contemporary South Asia, the research suggests three critical ‎interventions: historical reconciliation, inclusive education, and interfaith dialogue. The ‎findings underline the profound and long-term socio-political implications of colonial ‎divisiveness on the regional order, offering insights into the enduring challenges posed by ‎these historical strategies.‎

Moderating role of Family System on the Relationship between Dark Triad Personality Traits and Use of Self Presentation Tactics among University Students

Habiba Shaheen, Hareem Saeed, Samina Rashid — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0500

The goal of the current study was to asses the moderating role of the family system in the relationship between the use of assertive self-presentation tactics and dark triad personality traits among university students. The Self-Presentation Theory posits that individuals engage in self-presentation to shape others’ perceptions, gain social acceptance, and achieve desired outcomes. Keeping in view current study focused on investigating the relationship between these two variales as well as to examine moderating role of family system on these variables. Using purposive sampling technique, 400 college students (n =252 females and n =148 males) between the ages of 18 and 25 were selected from Wah Cantt and Islamabad.Data was gathered using the Self-presentation techniques scale (SPTS) and the Short Dark Triad (SD3), which measures dark triad personality traits and self-presentation style. Results of the present study illustrated a significant positive correlation between dark triad and all assertive self-presentation tactics and family system moderated this relationship , males score higher than females in exhibiting dark triad traits and in the usage of assertive self-presentation tactics. Study results can be helpful for professionals to screen out Dark Triad behaviors, thus facilitating early intervention and effective treatment plans. Future researchers should focus on longitudinal studies and larger sample size for diversity.

The Role of Cyber Security in Promoting Digital Inclusion: A Case Study of Pakistan

Muhammad Mehmood — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This article explores the essential role of cybersecurity in fostering digital inclusion in Pakistan, a country striving to harness the digital revolution for socio-economic progress. Digital inclusion, ensuring equitable access to technology and services, is a key driver of development. However, Pakistan faces significant barriers such as cyber threats, infrastructure gaps, and the lack of comprehensive legislation, which erode trust in digital platforms and hinder adoption, particularly among underserved communities. Initiatives like Raast and the Digital Pakistan Vision showcase how robust cybersecurity measures can enhance user confidence, encouraging participation in online banking, e-governance, and e-learning. Qualitative methodology used in this study to explore, and describe cyber security and digital inclusion in Pakistan .Addressing cybersecurity issues like data breaches and online fraud is crucial to bridging the digital divide. The result of this study the interdependence of cybersecurity and digital inclusion, emphasizing Pakistan’s immediate needs: improving cybersecurity infrastructure, promoting digital literacy, and formulating policies tailored to local challenges. Ultimately, cybersecurity is not just a technical requirement but a foundation for sustainable digital inclusion. By protecting trust and enabling secure access, it accelerates digital transformation, empowers citizens, and reduces socio-economic disparities. The article recommends on policymakers, businesses, and stakeholders to collaborate in creating a secure and inclusive digital future for Pakistan.

Militancy in Pakistan: Evaluating its Consequences for National Security and International Relations

Um-E-Habiba Saeed, Dr. Zahid Yaseen, Surriyya Saif — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0500

The main purpose of this research is to explore the non-state actors in Pakistan, especially militant groups, that are threatening the national security and stability of Pakistan. Pakistan has been facing this problem since the 1980s during the Soviet-Afghan War. Pakistan has suffered a huge loss of human lives and also economically due to militancy. Despite various military operations and counter-terrorism strategies, militant groups continue to pose a threat to national security. This study is important because it seeks to understand the dynamics of militancy in Pakistan and identify effective strategies to counter this threat. Through a qualitative case study employing narrative analysis, this research is based on primary and secondary data sources, including expert interviews, existing literature, and media reports. The study finds that militant groups, such as the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), pose a significant threat to Pakistan’s internal and external security, having developed complex networks that exploit local grievances and ideologies. Sympathy to recruit and radicalize fighters. The study suggests that a multi-dimensional approach will be required to deal with this threat, which will include military operations, intelligence-based operations, socio-economic development projects, and dialogue with the local population; regional cooperation and international assistance was also highlighted as vital to combat the menace of militancy in Pakistan.

Urbanization: A Comprehensive Analysis of Causes, Impacts, and Policy Implications

Dr. Muhammad Aslam, Dr. Zakir Hussian, Fatima Abdul Sattar — Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This study analyses the causes, impacts, and policy implications of urbanization, focusing on its socio-economic and environmental consequences. Urbanization, characterized by migration from rural to urban areas, has significantly shaped modern societies, particularly post-Industrial Revolution, transforming economies and lifestyles while introducing socio-economic and environmental challenges. Utilizing an exploratory research approach and secondary data analysis, the study investigates urbanization's characteristics and implications through liberal, socialist, capitalist, and environmental perspectives. Key drivers, such as industrialization and economic opportunities, are identified, alongside impacts on urban infrastructure, population dynamics, and socio-economic disparities. The study recommends proactive policies to address grassroots migration and unemployment, enhance access to education and healthcare, and promote sustainable urban development. These measures aim to balance regional growth and mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization, contributing to informed policymaking and fostering sustainable urban environments.

Counter-Terrorism Strategies in Pakistan: Addressing the Menace of Terrorism

Ghulam Mujtaba Mali, Dr. Saeedah Shah, Naveed Ali Qadri — Mon, 13 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This research aims to analyze fatalities caused by terrorism in Pakistan and assess the role of the National Action Plan (NAP) in countering terrorism and extremism. Terrorism has posed a severe threat to Pakistan’s security, integrity, and socio-economic development, placing the country at the forefront of the global fight against terrorism. Data was collected from secondary sources, and analyzed through content analysis. From 2001 to 2020, terrorism events were categorized into three phases: low casualties (2001-2006), intensified counter-terrorism operations (2007-2015), and reduced fatalities (2017-2020). In total, 15,397 incidents resulted in 20,636 civilian and 7,318 security personnel deaths, while 33,236 terrorists were eliminated. The National Action Plan, anti-terrorist financing measures, and strengthening NACTA were pivotal strategies. Addressing the root causes of extremism requires education reforms, economic development, stricter anti-terror financing controls, enhanced inter-agency coordination, and sustained implementation of counter-narrative campaigns. These measures are crucial for minimizing terrorism and fostering lasting peace.

Terrorism in Pakistan: A Non-Traditional Security Threat in the 21st Century

Ahmad Raza, Zumar Zaman, Dr. Ghulam Mustafa — Wed, 15 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0500

The main objective of this study is to understand the challenges that terrorism poses to Pakistan’s security, governance, and socio-economic development. Terrorism is becoming one of the paramount’s Non-Traditional Security threats in Pakistan with special reference to 21st century that threatens the social, political & economic fabrics of the society. While traditional security threats are associated with interstate conflicts, terrorism derives from transnational ideas, political disorder within a country, and social and economic inequality within the national society. The Pakistanis, furthermore, national strategic placement and the country’s involvement in earlier global conflicts like the Afghanistan war has increase it seismic vulnerability. This has led to emergence of extreme groups, a tradition of sectarian violence and continued exploitation of open borders, putting into question the issue of security leading to a cycle of insecurity. This paper aims to identify the social, economic and political consequences of terrorism on the future of Pakistani Nation and its growth. They underpin the efforts the state has been making in its fight against terrorism using military force, legal frameworks and social-economic measures and more importantly focuses on the challenges of the implementation of policies. The study also points to the fact that there is a need for effective coordination between counter terrorism and development initiatives in order to deal with causes of conflict including poverty, illiteracy and bad governance. Besides, the study puts more emphasis on regional cooperation, as well as international cooperation in the fight against terrorism. Thus, this qualitative study is useful in the understanding of how non-traditional security threats transform the indicators of both national and regional security in the twenty first century.

Geopolitical Implications of the Russia-China Nexus: Power Dynamics and Regional Impact on South Asia (2003-2023)

Nadeem Abbas Roy, Prof. Dr. Sajid Mehmood Shahzad — Wed, 15 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This paper gives a detailed analysis of South Asia's shifting geopolitical landscape, focusing on the strategic interaction between Russia-China's developing alliance and the United States. China and India emerged as economic superpowers in the new world. China and Russia's deepening strategic coordination has far-reaching ramifications. Pakistan's strategic location is critical to the broader geopolitical conflict. The regional power dynamics are rapidly changing. Hence, this alliance may disrupt the Indo-US partnership. It considers both regional power dynamics and global rivalry, which have consequences for the future of South Asian geopolitics. A mixed-methods research approach was adopted. Content analysis demonstrates South Asian attitudes toward economic and strategic gains. These impressions shape regional foreign policy decisions. Case studies and statistical analyses highlight important trends and patterns. These patterns demonstrate robust relationships throughout the study period, from Realism to Economic Statecracft and Regional Security Complex Theories. Hence, this study provides important insights on South Asian geopolitics.

Implementing the Rule of Law in Ukraine: Pathway to the European Union

Ahmed Hussain Shah Bukhari, Dr. Ghulam Mustafa Gaho, Bakhtawar Talpur — Fri, 17 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Since 2014, Ukraine's sociopolitical and economic situation has rapidly changed. The 2022 start of the conflict with Russia, the Euro-Maidan crisis, the succession of administrations, the loss of Crimea, and its economic crises have created a vast and complex set of challenges for Ukraine's government and people. The preservation of Ukraine's legal system and judicial reforms to combat corruption are among the most crucial issues, particularly in light of the Copenhagen criteria for European aspirations. Politicians have abused the judiciary by passing laws that benefit the nation's elites to strengthen their positions and acquire control over them. Still, they have not been given the country's general populace any real opportunity. The Ukrainian courts, regrettably, have received a corrupt rating. The 2024 edition of the World Justice Report Index places Ukraine 88th out of countries that uphold the rule of law. The nation's system of government is closely linked to its acceptance of the rule of law. The path to the EU may be challenging but not unfeasible.

Exploring Space Warfare: The Strategic Contest among US, Russia, and China for Dominance in Outer Space and its Role in Reshaping Fifth Generation Warfare

Ayesha Khalid — Sat, 18 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Space has emerged as a critical frontier due to its scientific, technological, and strategic significance, particularly since the mid-20th century. This research explores the geopolitical contest between the United States, Russia, and China, as they vie for dominance in outer space. With the United States currently leading in space capabilities, Russia and China are rapidly advancing their counter-space technologies to challenge U.S. military hegemony and reshape the international space order. The integration of space warfare with fifth-generation warfare signals a transformative shift, extending the competition for global supremacy beyond Earth’s boundaries. This study analyzes how space has become a battlefield for strategic dominance, redefining the dimensions of modern warfare. Drawing on Neo-Realism, Constructivism, and Technological Determinism, the research examines the strategic interplay among these powers and evaluates the implications of their space race in shaping the evolving landscape of fifthgeneration warfare.

The Effect of Perceived Social Support on Recovery Success among Drug Addicts in Rehabilitation Centers in Pakistan

Ammarah Shaarif, Benish Usman, Adeeba Saleem — Sat, 18 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0500

The aim of this study was to examine perceived social support's relationship to recovery outcomes (both in terms of frequency of relapse and in the context of ongoing treatment for substance use disorders). In order to survey the recovery, a structured questionnaire was applied to 300 participants from rehabilitation centers in major cities of Pakistan. It was found that perceived social support was highly positively correlated to the recovery success (r = 0.65, p = 0.001) and negatively with the frequency of relapse (r = -0.45, p = 0.01). Results of regression analysis indicated that perceived social support was a significant predictor of recovery success (β = 0.58, p = 0.001) and that gender and level of education also were significant predictors. Recovery success was also found to be gender differentiated, males having a lower recovery success rate than females. It further comes out that recovery success and relapse rates varied with recovery dependent on substance (type) used and the duration of addiction where heroin users fared worst with longer addiction duration being associated with higher relapse frequency. This work gives insight into social support optimized for successful recovery from addiction and rehabilitation strategies improved in Pakistan and other low resource settings.

Pakistan-China Partnership to Countering Terrorism: Issues and Challenges

Misbah Nisar Ahmad, Hadia Jathol, Abira Munir — Thu, 23 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0500

The partnership of Pakistan and China in combating terrorism offers many benefits, but the challenges are immense. This study, therefore, attempts to probe the dynamics of such a relationship, especially in terms of the kinds of collaborative efforts both nations have invoked as regards strategies and initiatives in response to terrorism. It also looks at the historical context of this particular collaboration-that is, how it came into being and which important events and agreements have determined the nature of partnership in this area-and analyzes how well the two countries have pursued joint counter terrorism measures while identifying shortfalls. Historically, the relationship between Pakistan and China has evolved a strategic partnership through multifaceted cooperation. China and Pakistan have strengthened their teamwork to fight terrorism over the last few decades. In the 1980s and 1990s, they didn't work together much, but now they have a strong partnership that covers many areas. Both countries worry about the same security issues groups that want to break away or cause trouble in their lands. After the 9/11 attacks, they started working together even more. Big projects like CPEC have made it even more important for them to join forces to stop terrorism and keep the area safe. The areas in which this partnership extends include military cooperation, intelligence sharing, and diplomatic channels of coordination. This paper particularly highlighted areas of cooperation between Pakistan and China to address their growing concerns about terrorism.

Role of Illness Perception towards Medicine Adherence in Tuberculosis Patients

Sadia Bibi, Amina, Dr. Kalim Ullah — Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This study assess illness perception and medication adherence among tuberculosis (TB) patients and evaluate their relationship. Illness perception influences coping behaviors and medication adherence, impacting self-care and recovery.A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, from March to June 2024, involving 133 TB patients aged 18 years or older on anti-TB treatment for at least one month. Data were collected using the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ) and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) and analyzed using SPSS v25. Participants were predominantly aged 30–39 years (49.6%), single (67.7%), and had moderate illness perception (77.4%). High medication adherence was observed in 64.7%. No significant association was found between illness perception and medication adherence (p = 0.298). Despite high medication adherence, illness perception had no significant impact, indicating a need for targeted strategies to enhance adherence further.

Impact of Motivation on the Speaking Skills of the ESL Learners: A Study Conducted at intermediate level in Rahim Yar Khan

Hina Anwar, Dr. Zohaib Zahid, Sitara Ilyas — Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This study examines the various forms of institutional motivation for ESL students and pinpoints the elements that drive them during the learning process. Involving college students at an intermediate level, this descriptive study uses both a quantitative and qualitative design. Both open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires were used to gather data from EFL students. This research identifies the motivating elements. The research revealed that in this particular context, students' ESL learning process is significantly influenced by both instrumental and integrative motivation. His research did, however, show that instrumental motivation played a major part in ESL instruction. Additionally, according to Williams and Burden, the data indicated that thirteen factors influenced the students' learning. The various theories of institutional motivation are defined in this study at an intermediate level. This study used a quantitative research design in order to describe and systematically explore the phenomena being studied. A structured Copa OK as a Foreign Language Learner questionnaire was used in the study to collect data from her family. Open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires were used to collect the data, which were presented in both quantitative and qualitative form. The statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software was used to quantitatively analyze the gathered data, providing insightful statistical analysis and solid results.

An Analysis of Pakistan-US Economic Relations during Trump Era (2017-2021)

Hafiz Muhammad Bilal, Dr. Tayaba Anwar, Dr. Anwar Ali — Wed, 05 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Economic ties between Pakistan and the United States changed dramatically under the Trump administration (2017-2021), owing to geopolitical dynamics, trade policies, and strategic objectives. The purpose of this article is to understand the evolution of PakistanUS economic ties, with an emphasis on trade patterns, foreign aid, investment flows, and policy decisions that affected bilateral interactions. The US-Pak Relations date backs to 1947 when Pakistan got Independence and when Prime Minister Liaqat ali Khan visited the USA for the first time. Ever since, the ties have seen all sorts of ups and downs along with highs and lows through the time. This paper analysis the Pak-US economic relations and help in understanding the facts and realities of it during the President Trump Era. The Trump administration's "America First" agenda, combined with a shift in US aid and regional alliances, reshaped the two countries' economic relationship. While Pakistan saw a decline in US funding and strategic support, trade relations remained constant, with exports to the US continuing to play an important part in Pakistan's economy. There have been ups and downs in the US-Pakistan interaction, with ties deteriorating at first. After Trump asked Pakistan for assistance in Afghanistan, relations strengthened throughout his presidency. Yet, economic progress is hampered by mistrust and reliance on the US. This study uses qualitative analysis to examine the impact of these policy changes on Pakistan's economic outlook and chances for future engagement. With the Application of Realism theory, the research tries to analysis the ties on very basic levels.

Exploring the Impact of Frustration on Psychological Wellbeing among Flood Victims in Different Areas of Pakistan

Bisma Jamil, Amna Liaquat, Javeria Saleem — Sat, 08 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

The objective of this study was to identify the level of frustration and its impact on psychological wellbeing among flood victims. Natural disasters, including flood is considered a core cause of psychological distress and many more mental health issues globally. Approximately, over the past two decades particularly in Pakistan, food insecurity, as a form of natural disaster, has disrupted lives and led the majority of population to the psychological anomalies. This was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional research design by using purposive sampling method, involving 414 flood victims. The findings reveal a negative and significant relationship between frustration and psychological well-being. Gender-based mean differences indicated that women reported higher frustration levels and lower psychological well-being compared to men. This is recommended to the higher authorities to launch different prevention programs to uplift the mental wellbeing of flood victims.

A Postcolonial Study of the Socio-Political Scenarios in Twilight in Delhi and The Murder of Aziz Khan

Saima Bashir, Jafar Hussain — Wed, 12 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Based on an interpretative reading of Ahmad Ali’s Twilight in Delhi (1940) and Zulfikar Ghose’s The Murder of Aziz Khan (1967), this article conducts a comparative analysis of the socio-political scenarios in pre- and post-independence societies of India and Pakistan. Twilight in Delhi explores the legacy of colonialism and Partition’s repercussions, while Murder of Aziz Khan critiques Pakistan’s managerial shortcomings and lack of ambition. Employing qualitative research methods and conceptual frameworks from Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, and Gayatri Spivak, the study provides deep insights into familial ties, social complexities, and political influences that shape individual identities. In addressing these challenges, the paper proposes integrating cultural education and policy reform initiatives to reconcile historical legacies with contemporary governance. This approach offers a pathway toward healing and the evolution of identity in formerly colonized and neo-colonized societies. Ultimately, these strategies aim to foster a more inclusive future, significantly mitigating lingering historical effects.

Pakistan’s Domestic Political Dynamics and Need for Civil Military Cooperation

Muhammad Asgher Babbar, Aslam Pervaiz, Ali Jamshed Baloch — Thu, 13 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Since its independence on August 14, 1947, the country’s focus remained on strengthening single institution (military). Hence the remaining two institutions, such as; executive and judiciary; which are considered equally important in the smooth running of state remained weak. Eventually, leading to single institution emerging as the most powerful, thus the relationship between executive and military has remained strand. This study focuses on the relationship between civilian and military institutions. The study undertakes to explore the strong and weak positions of both institutions and possibilities of cooperation between them. Apart from that which political party can be most acceptable option for military institution to work with to strengthen the nation and national security? To analyze the situation, this research applied qualitative method. The findings suggest that the regional and international situation demands greater cooperation among two institutions to ensure security and survival of the country.

Development and Validation of the Early Life Dynamics and Narcissism scale: Exploring Family Dynamics and Parenting styles for Understanding Narcissistic traits in Men

Maham Babar, Muneeba Shakil — Thu, 13 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This research’s focus was to develop and validate “The Early Life Dynamics and Narcissism Scale” (ELDNS). A culturally sensitive therapeutic screening tool, designed to identify impacts of early life dynamics and parenting styles on Narcissistic tendencies in men. The study was done in five phases that included semi structured interviews leading to a preliminary set of 29 items refined by expert evaluation, followed by a pilot study, explanatory factor analysis and psychometric testing of the scale. Factor analysis identified two principal factors: “Childhood familial dynamics and adverse experiences “and “Parental influence and emotional outcomes”. The scale exhibited good internal consistency and temporal stability. Moreover, evaluations of convergent and divergent validity demonstrated the scale’s precision. This tool would have great clinical implications. More research should be conducted to explore if this scale is applicable in the different cultural settings to enhance the robustness of the scale.

An Analysis of the Role of Law in Women Empowerment in Pakistan (2001-2018)

Akmal Sultan, Dr. Najaf Ali, Muhammad Javed Ashraf — Tue, 18 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This research article investigates the complicated landscape of woman empowerment in Pakistan, focusing on the legal aspects that have shaped its route from 2001 to 2018. Through an analysis of the legal frameworks over legislation and policy and their actual impact, the study seeks to identify the ways in which laws have helped to improve women's position and power in society. Covering a period of significant sociopolitical shifts, the article reflects on important legislative developments through a discussion of several amendments to the Pakistan Penal Code and the Family Laws Ordinance to curb gender-based violence and discriminatory practices. It also explores how recognition of the Women's Protection Act of 2006 and the creation of gender-sensitive forums, including family courts and women's crisis centers assist women in accessing justice. Based on a literature and official documents the article provides important insights into Pakistani women empowerment in its current and changing dynamics.

Leveraging Generative AI for Precision Medicine: Interpreting Immune Biomarker Data from EHRs in Autoimmune and Infectious Diseases

Ashish Shiwlani, Sooraj Kumar, Hamza Ahmed Qureshi — Thu, 20 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This study reviews the interpretation of immune biomarkers by generative artificial intelligence regarding precision medicine. Precision medicine customizes diagnostics and therapy based on various individual characteristics of patients, especially genetic and immune biomarkers in autoimmune and infectious diseases. Generative AI manages these in much-simplified ways through real-time decision-making in the improved clinical outcome by analyzing a complex Electronic Health Records system. During PRISMA guidelines, the systematic review published 655 articles filtered to study 40 articles pertaining to generative AI in immune biomarker analysis and electronic health records. These studies used machine learning (ML), generative adversarial networks (GANs), transformers, and large language models (LLMs). Generative AI makes a stride ahead in real-time biomarker analysis to predict risk, efficacy in treatment, and vaccine design for diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, and COVID-19. The challenges are data inconsistency, ethical matters, and AI interpretability. It is of paramount importance to improve data standardization, systematized AI as application, interdisciplinary collaboration, and great enhancement in way of effective application in generative AI with precision medicine.

Effective Practices of Elementary School Heads in Single National Curriculum Implementation

Iqra Shehbaz, Rimsha Saleem, Syeda Hareem Qutab — Thu, 20 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Education is the backbone of a nation’s development. The Single National Curriculum (SNC) was established in order to guarantee equity and consistency in Pakistan's educational system. Previously, multiple curricula were taught across different school systems that was the cause of creating educational disparities. This study examines the perceptions and practices of elementary school heads in SNC implementation, focusing on challenges, preparedness, and resource availability. The study employed a survey research design based on Fullan’s Model of Educational Change (1991). A multi-stage cluster sampling technique was used, selecting 250 school heads from Punjab. A validated questionnaire addressing important aspects like vision building, initiative, staff development, monitoring, and restructuring needs was used to gather data. The results show that school administrators have a favorable opinion of SNC and recognize its potential advantages.

Socio-Demographic Predictors of Psychological Distress among Female School Teachers: Role of Age, Education and Socio-Economic Status

Bisma Akhlaq, Dr. Aqeel Ahmad Khan — Thu, 20 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This study was carried out to address the socio-demographic predictors of psychological distress among female school teachers. This is an acknowledged fact that psychological distress among teachers is manifested in various ways, affecting their emotional, cognitive, and physical well-being. That is why, understanding these common socio-demographic predictors of psychoplogical distress are important for identifying and addressing the mental health challenges faced by the teachers. To explore the socio-demographic predictors a sample of 176 female teachers was recruited by using multistage sampling method. The level of psychological distress was measured by using Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). This was a quantitative research and the cross-sectional research design was used. The collected data was analysed by using SPSS. The findings from the results revealed that age, education and socio-economic status were significant socio-demographic correlates of psychological distress among the female teachers. Furthermore, the level of psychological distress was higher among younger teachers, doctors and among those having high or middle socio-economic status. On the basis of the findings of this study it recommended that socio-demographic correlates are t also contribute to the level of psychological distress among teachers. Hence, there is a dire need to address these socio-demographic correlates to decrease the teacher’s psychological distress.

Impact of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) based Teaching Practices at Middle School Level on Students’ Creativity Skill

Sarmad Ahmad, Dr. Muhammad Shabbir, Dr. Shafqat Rasool — Tue, 25 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

The objective of the study was to study the impact of teaching practices based on Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in regard to students’ creativity skill. Given the need to examine the effectiveness of teaching methodologies in enhancing the learning outcomes of students, the researcher studied the effectiveness of teaching based on the theory of UDL. This research utilized a quantitative research approach to explore the impact of teaching methods. The research compared two similar groups wherein the experimental group contained 21 students while the control group had 24 students. Results revealed that there was statistically significant difference in the mean score of creativity of the experimental group from pre-test to post-test. On the other hand, the mean score from pre-test to post-test of creativity skill of the control group were not significantly different. Thus, UDL principles should be made part of national curriculum to effectively accomplish national educational goals.

Hezbollah's Dual Identity: Navigating Political Engagement and Military Resistance against Israel

Sheikh Arslan Zafar, Iqra Shahzadi — Tue, 25 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This study explores how Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) backs Hezbollah’s dual role—as a legitimate political party and a military organization—and how this affects Lebanon’s sovereignty, governance, and regional stability. This paper investigates the historical origins, ideological basis, and strategic development of Hezbollah, analyzing how it manages its dual identity within Lebanese politics and the wider Middle Eastern geopolitical environment. Additionally, through the defensive realism theory, the research analyzes Hezbollah's connections with Iran and how its involvement in the region has impacted domestic stability and interactions with international entities. Through a qualitative method, we will interpret its function to balance national cohesion and regional dynamics after interventions in the regional wars based on ideology, which creates challenges for Lebanon's sovereignty due to a lack of institutions. As Hezbollah progresses, its dual identity will continue to play a key role in influencing the future of Lebanon and the surrounding area.

The Natural and the Social Pakistan: An Eco-Marxist Perspective of Tariq Rahman's Animals

Wafa Irshad, Sajid Ali — Sat, 01 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Pakistani literature has contributed to the ongoing debate on the environmental crisis. However, the scholarly works around the writings rarely address the importance of the environment and its influence on human and non-human relationships. This study addresses this issue through textual analysis of Tariq Rahman’s “Animals” using Eco-Marxism. The story critiques capitalist-driven environmental exploitation, where land and animals are commodified under the guise of progress. The bourgeoisie benefit from development projects, and the proletariat suffer exploitation from both the elites and environmental degradation. The study finds that “Animals” exposes capitalist exploitation of both nature and labor, reinforcing systemic inequality. Rahman illustrates that environmental degradation is not incidental but a consequence of commodification that can be solved by giving importance to indigenous culture. Future studies calls for research addressing marginalization, resistance, and equitable development in Pakistani literature

Effects of Mothers’ Level of Stress on the Academic Performance of Female Children with Intellectual Disabilities

Iqra Intizar, Dr. Amna Arif — Sat, 01 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0500

The main purpose of the study was to investigate the stress level in mothers of female students with intellectual disability and its implications for academic performance. In this quantitative examination, a sample of 100 mothers of students with intellectual disabilities was selected by purposive sampling technique from the district of Lahore. Data was collected using a standardized scale, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS). For the purpose of the study researcher was only selected stress items. The reliability coefficients of stress scale were 0.838. The collected quantitative data were analysed using SPSS. The study's findings revealed that 80% of mothers of female children with intellectual disability exhibited a moderate to severe level of stress, while the remaining 20% experienced normal to mild level of stress. Children level of disability effects the stress of mothers. The children with mild level of disability their mothers’ level of stress was 6%. As compared to others, children with moderate level of disability their mothers’ level of stress were 24% and severe disability their mothers’ level of stress were 4%. Chi-square test for independence revealed that there is a significant association between the stress level of mothers and the academic performance of children. Particularly, mothers with more stress had daughters with worse academic performance. It is recommended that counseling centers should be established in both urban and rural regions, offering mothers of children with ID accessible and affordable services. Parent teacher meetings should be frequently planned in schools because it is very important to communicate each other.

The Relationship of Social Media Usage and Fear of Missing Out Mediated by Phubbing Behavior

Marium Tariq Minhas, Syeda Asma Gillani, Palwasha Nasir Abbasi — Tue, 04 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0500

The relationship between social media use and fear of missing out (FoMO) and phubbing behavior was investigated in this study. Gender differences were also investigated. Social media has a strong influence on behaviors such as phubbing and FoMO. Phubbing, giving smartphone attention over face-time, is largely associated with intensive social media activity and increased FoMO. Addressing these patterns is key to reducing their prevalence among students. A sample of 300 students from Azad Kashmir University was measured on standardized scales of phubbing, social media usage, and FoMO. Data was analyzed using SPSS. The results indicated significant positive correlations between phubbing, social media usage, and FoMO. Significant gender differences were found. Phubbing behavior acted as mediator between FOMO and social media usage.Increasing awareness of the psychological impacts of social media overuse is crucial. Universities must promote healthful digital habits and face-to-face interactions to diminish FoMO.

Exploring the Lived Experiences of Gender Dysphoric Individuals

Hafsa Noor, Ayesha Farooq — Sat, 08 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This study aims to explore the lived experiences of gender dysphoric individuals, focusing on the formation of their identity under the influence of family, media, and peer group. This study provides insight into how an individual’s identity is transformed, particularly in terms of self-expression and self-discovery. Despite growing advocacy and recognition, the lived experiences remain poorly understood, especially in Pakistan. Through in-depth interviews and qualitative approach, this research provides a platform for gender dysphoric individuals to share their stories of self-discovery. The findings highlight the significant influence of family, role models, and media. To address this, solutions include increasing awareness through education and regulating media content.

Assessing the Failure of International Mediation in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: Legal Positivism, Conflict Transformation and the limits of State Sovereignty

Asia Maqsood, Muhammad Shoaib Jamil, Aisha Warraich — Sun, 16 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Why has international mediation, in particular by the OSCE Minsk Group, failed to resolve the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is the subject of the study. Longstanding ethnic disputes and historical territorial claims generally have sparked the conflict, which previously had escalated several times in spite of numerous ceasefires and peace initiatives. The study reviews, in a conceptual and qualitative approach, the mediations dynamics by synthesizing legal positivism, instrumentalist theory and frameworks of conflict transformation. An analysis indicates that strong precluding of state sovereignty, lack of conflict transforming devices, and geopolitical rivalries prevented mediation attempts and created ground for Azerbaijan’s coercive occupation. To prevent further escalations, it is a requirement to integrate robust legal enforcement with grassroots reconciliation, third party accountability, and inclusive peacebuilding in order to address underlying grievances. Transformative, inclusive mediation strategies should take precedence over normative legal strategies because the mediation strategies have to fit in with the complexities of ethnic conflict and not vice versa. The study suggests reforms for a lasting peace in general.

Cyber Security: A Growing Challenge to Pakistan

Nida Shabbir, Dr. Mubeen Adnan — Mon, 17 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Pakistan's dependence on digital infrastructure and quick adoption of new technologies have made cybersecurity issues worse. Information security breaches, cyber assaults, identity theft, a state-run digital warfare, and spying are just a few of the many challenges the nation confronts. These dangers jeopardise the commercial, industrial, and financial sectors in addition to compromising vital government and defense data. Pakistan's weaknesses are caused by things like a lack of technological know-how, antiquated regulations, and ignorance on the part of both individuals and companies. Investigating these cybersecurity concerns, their effects on national security and financial stability, and the steps that must be taken to resolve them are the objectives of this article. Utilising a qualitative technique with a phenomenological perspective, the study uses secondary sources and an exploratory and descriptive design. In order to improve cybersecurity, it highlights the pressing need for strict laws, cutting-edge technology, and international cooperation. Addressing cybersecurity issues is essential in the current digital era for societal adaptability, economic prosperity, and national security in addition to technological advancement.

Gender Performance and Identity Issues in “Ministry of Utmost Happiness”

Hunny Manzoor, Saima Sarfraz, Jawad Haider — Mon, 17 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This research examines The Ministry of Utmost Happiness by Arundhati Roy through Judith Butler's concept of gender performativity. The objective is to explore how gender is constructed and performed in the novel, particularly through the transformation of Aftab into Anjum, a hermaphrodite character struggling with identity. The study builds on Butler’s theory, which challenges the fixed nature of gender, and analyzes how Roy presents identity crises and gender troubles. Using a qualitative textual analysis methodology, the research critically engages with Anjum’s journey, highlighting performative aspects of gender. The findings suggest that Roy challenges traditional gender binaries, emphasizing fluidity and social construction. The study recommends further exploration of gender performativity in South Asian literature to deepen the discourse on identity. While limited to a single novel, this research contributes to understanding gender through literary representation.

Observations about the Effects of Animated Cartoons on Children in View of Mothers and their Intervention Strategies

Dr. Mudassar Hussain, Sana Saif, Dr. Robina Saeed — Wed, 19 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This study explores children’s engagement with animated cartoons and reserachers the intervention strategies used by mothers. Childrens’ mothers may use different staregies based on their observations concerning viewing these animated cartoons, therefore, the the gap is filled by analyzing these observations. The purposive sampling technique is used to select mothers of children between the ages of 5 and 8 years in Lahore. The focus group method was used to collect data from the mothers of 11 boys and 9 girls. The most popular animated cartoons among children are Motu Patlu. The time that children spend viewing animated cartoons increases on weekends. The most preferable media for viewing animated cartoons are smartphones. Irrespective of gender, the mothers involve their children in household work and use storytelling techniques and art to make their children busy. Mothers may involve children in house hold work.