Annals of Human and Social Sciences

Flames across the Line: A Strategic and Tactical Analysis of the May 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict

Naveed Ahmed Malik — Wed, 02 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This study critically analyzes the India-Pakistan military escalation of May 2025, with a specific focus on its strategic, tactical, and diplomatic dimensions. Triggered by a disputed cross-border incident near the Line of Control (LoC), the conflict rapidly escalated into intense ground and aerial engagements. A high-profile dogfight between the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and Indian Air Force (IAF) became a defining moment. Using a qualitative case study approach, this paper draws on open source defense reports, media briefings, and diplomatic communications to evaluate the conflict’s trajectory and implications. The battle caused substantial military and civilian losses, infrastructure damage, and disruption of diplomatic and trade relations. Pakistan’s air superiority, strategic restraint, and international messaging earned it measured global support, especially from China and Middle Eastern states. The article concludes with strategic policy suggestions to prevent future escalations and promote long-term stability in a nuclearized South Asia.

Social Exclusion Experiences among Rural Elderly Women in Sargodha: A Qualitative Analysis

Aleena Bashir Awan, Dr. Beenish Ijaz Butt , Shajiah Qursam — Sat, 05 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This study aims to explain the social exclusion experiences among rural elderly women in Sargodha, reasons behind their exclusion and its impact on their lives. Social exclusion involves being disconnected from physical, financial, and social aspects of life. Rural elderly women face higher risks due to factors like gender, age, poverty, and cultural traditions. The study used qualitative research, employing purposive sampling, and collected data through an interview guide with 26 rural elderly women till data saturation. Major themes derived through thematic analysis are Social Exclusion Experiences of Rural Elderly Women, Causative Factors behind Social Exclusion of Rural Elderly Women and Repercussions of Social Exclusion among Rural Elderly Women. It concluded that poverty, social dependency on family and cultural norms contribute to social exclusion among rural elderly women. It is recommended that establishing community care institutions addressing their healthcare facilities, social life and transportation can solve issue of social exclusion.