Pakistan–Saudi Arabia Mutual Defense Pact (2025): Regional and Strategic Implications

Abstract

This paper examined the strategic and regional impacts of the SMDA between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia and its effects in South Asia and the Middle East. The SMDA signifies a major change in regional security orientations which are indicative of new defense relations as well as geopolitical re-tuning between major actors in the region. This article has conducted a qualitative assessment of the secondary literature to assess the role of the SMDA in the Gulf security, and overall power politics. The SMDA has enhanced deterrence and strategic ties between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia but .It also has diversified Gulf security approach, reshapes Iran’s threat perception and extend Pakistan’s strategic depth. The negotiations have little impact on Pakistan relationships with china and the United States. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia should enhance coordination while managing regional sensitivities. Further research should evaluate the SMDA’s long term impact on regional stability.