India–United States Strategic Convergence in the Indian Ocean Regions: Implications for Pakistan’s Maritime Security

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the evolving dynamics of India–U.S. relations and their impact on Pakistan's security environment. The study covers the period from the Cold War era to the present. The Indian Ocean is a strategically important region due to its significance for energy transit, maritime routes, Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs), and geostrategic location. In the contemporary era, competition among major powers has further increased the region's strategic importance. Security agreements, joint naval exercises, intelligence sharing, and diplomatic convergence between India and the United States have gradually strengthened their strategic partnership. The rise of China and the revival of the Quad have further reinforced this cooperation. This partnership has influenced the regional security architecture, altered the balance of power, and generated security concerns among regional states. This study is based on a qualitative research design and includes research articles, books, policy documents, and strategic reports, so that the trends, patterns, and impacts between India and the US can be understood and identified properly. The results of this research show that the relationship between India and the US has been changed into a strong strategic partnership. The prominent characteristics of this partnership are maritime cooperation and diplomatic convergence. Moreover, this partnership has changed the regional balance of power. These changes can create challenges regarding Gwadar Port and CPEC and other securities. It is recommended that Pakistan should strengthen its naval capabilities and must establish a system of maritime surveillance. Pakistan should also adopt active diplomatic relations along with develop and increase strong partnerships with close friendly countries.